Bu listede son 8 yılda YDT ve YDS sınavlarında geçen kelimeleri, kelimelerin anlamlarını ve örnek cümlelerini görebilirsiniz.

Liste Nasıl Hazırlandı?

Bu liste için 2018-2025 arasındaki YDT sınavları tarafındı ve en önemli (ve nispeten zor) kelimeler seçildi.

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Anki kullanarak, spaced repetition (aralıklı tekrar) yöntemiyle kelimeleri uzun vadeli belleğe yerleştirir.

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Seviye Dağılımı

Seviye	Kelime Sayısı	Listedeki Oranı
A2-B1	178	%14
B1-B2	415	%32
C1	685	%54

Sık Sorulan Sorular

Bu liste yeterli mi? Hayır. Eğer İngilizce seviyen takriben B2’nin altındaysa bu kelimelerin birçoğunu doğal olarak bilmiyorsundur. Bu listeyi bir kelime öğrenme aracı olarak görürsen muhtemelen istediğin etkiyi sağlamayacak. Kelimeleri olması gerektiği gibi kitap okuyarak öğrenmeni ve ardından sınav öncesinde kelimeleri eksiksiz bildiğinden emin olmak için kullanmanı öneririm. Bu destedeki kelimeleri tam olarak bildikten sonra kelimelerden yana zorluk yaşamazsın.

Kaç ayda öğrenilebilir? Genellikle kelime ezberinde önerilen oran olan günde 20 kelime ile 2.5 ay sürer. Ancak yine dediğim gibi, tek tek ezberlemek pek mantıklı olmayabilir.

Tüm Listeyi Gör

Kelime	Seviye	Anlamı	Örnek Cümle
ancient	B1	antik / eski	The ruins belong to an ancient civilization. Researchers found an ancient fossil.
sophisticated	B2	gelişmiş / karmaşık	Modern algorithms use sophisticated neural networks. The organism displays a sophisticated defense mechanism.
concrete	B1	somut / beton	The study provides concrete evidence of climate change. The concrete foundation ensures structural stability.
succession	C1	ardışıklık / yerine geçme	The succession of seasons affects ecological balances. The monarch’s succession caused political instability.
collide	B2	çarpışmak	Tectonic plates collide to form mountain ranges.
convert	B1	dönüştürmek	Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity.
fluctuate	C1	dalgalanmak	Global temperatures fluctuate due to atmospheric changes.
deviate	C1	sapmak	The results deviate significantly from the initial hypothesis.
condition	A2	durum / koşul	The patient’s condition improved rapidly. The experiment requires a sterile condition.
anxious	B1	endişeli	The subject grew anxious during the isolation test.
decline	B2	azalmak / reddetmek	Marine biodiversity continues to decline. The patient had to decline the experimental treatment.
exert	C1	uygulamak (güç vb.)	The moon’s gravity will exert a tidal force on the oceans.
cognitive	B2	bilişsel	Bilingualism enhances cognitive flexibility in children.
fragile	B2	kırılgan	The fragile ecosystem is highly susceptible to pollution.
profitable	B1	karlı	The green energy sector has become highly profitable.
confidential	B2	gizli	The medical records are kept strictly confidential.
peculiar	B2	tuhaf / özgü	The quantum state exhibits a peculiar behavior. This species is peculiar to the isolated island.
notorious	C1	adı çıkmış (kötü şöhretli)	The region is notorious for its severe seismic activity.
unrelated	B2	ilgisiz / bağımsız	The two phenomena are statistically unrelated. The patients developed completely unrelated symptoms.
genetic	B2	genetik	The mutation directly alters the underlying genetic code.
diverse	B2	çeşitli	The rainforest harbors a highly diverse biological community.
collapse	B2	çökmek / çöküş	The economic structure will collapse without intervention. The structural collapse occurred after the major earthquake.
authority	B2	yetki / otorite	The agency has the authority to regulate emissions. The professor is a leading authority on molecular biology.
remarkable	B2	dikkate değer	The substance shows a remarkable resistance to extreme heat.
elaborate	C1	detaylı / detaylandırmak	The ancient tomb features an elaborate architectural design. The researcher must elaborate on the proposed methodology.
ambiguous	C1	belirsiz	The linguistic data gathered remains highly ambiguous.
sufficient	B2	yeterli	The sample size is sufficient for establishing statistical significance.
grasp	B2	kavramak (anlamak) / sıkıca tutmak	It is vital to grasp the fundamentals of thermodynamics. The robotic arm can grasp delicate objects without crushing them.
extend	B2	uzatmak / kapsamak	The continental shelf can extend for hundreds of miles. The health policy will extend to all demographics.
compound	B2	bileşik / durumu kötüleştirmek	Water is a fundamental chemical compound. Inflation will inevitably compound the ongoing economic crisis.
lymph	C1	lenf	The lymph nodes effectively filter harmful pathogens from the body.
bright	A2	parlak / zeki	The bright star is easily visible without a telescope. The bright student solved the complex mathematical equation.
aggression	B2	saldırganlık	Territorial disputes among primates often lead to physical aggression.
prevent	B1	önlemek	Vaccination programs prevent widespread viral epidemics.
promote	B1	teşvik etmek / terfi ettirmek	Antioxidants actively promote cellular health. The university will promote the senior researcher to a professorship.
dynamic	B2	dinamik	The Earth’s atmosphere is a highly dynamic fluid system.
celestial	C1	göksel	Comets are celestial bodies primarily composed of ice and cosmic dust.
solar	B1	güneş ile ilgili	The solar radiation directly powers Earth’s climate system.
motion	B2	hareket	Newton’s fundamental laws govern the motion of physical objects.
orbit	B2	yörünge / yörüngesinde dönmek	The satellite maintains a stable geostationary orbit. The moon will orbit the planet continuously.
mechanic	B2	tamirci / mekanik (işleyiş)	The skilled mechanic repaired the specialized laboratory machinery. The underlying mechanic of the chemical reaction is still unknown.
ammonia	C1	amonyak	The artificial synthesis of ammonia revolutionized modern agriculture.
surface	B1	yüzey	The distant planet’s surface is heavily cratered by meteorites.
complex	B1	karmaşık	The human brain is an incredibly complex biological network.
curb	C1	zaptetmek (kısıtlamak)	International policies must curb excessive carbon emissions.
satisfy	B2	tatmin etmek / karşılamak	The diet must satisfy all daily nutritional requirements. The hypothesis must satisfy the observed empirical data.
demand	B1	talep / talep etmek	There is a rapidly growing demand for renewable energy sources. The protocol will demand strict adherence to laboratory safety rules.
continual	B2	sürekli	The continual degradation of topsoil severely threatens future crops.
agriculture	B2	tarım	Sustainable agriculture is absolutely crucial for long-term food security.
productive	B2	üretken	The genetically modified wheat strain is highly productive.
support	B1	desteklemek / destek	The empirical data will clearly support the new scientific theory. The bridge requires immense structural support to remain stable.
fertile	B2	verimli	The fertile volcanic soil yields abundant seasonal harvests.
produce	B1	üretmek / tarım ürünü	Photosynthesis allows green plants to produce vital oxygen. The local produce is routinely analyzed for chemical pesticide residue.
millennium	C1	binyıl	The slow geological changes occurred over an entire millennium.
merge	B2	birleşmek	The two distinct galaxies will eventually merge due to gravity.
unify	C1	birleştirmek	The grand overarching theory aims to unify all known physical laws.
residual	C1	kalıntı (kalan)	The residual heat from the Earth’s core continuously warms the mantle.
potential	B2	potansiyel	The synthesized compound has immense therapeutic potential.
uncontrolled	C1	kontrolsüz	The uncontrolled and rapid cell division inevitably leads to massive tumors.
mercury	B2	cıva / Merkür	Toxic mercury dangerously accumulates at the top of the food chain. The rocky planet Mercury is physically closest to the sun.
noticeable	B2	fark edilebilir	There is a highly noticeable drop in regional atmospheric pressure.
prior	B2	önceki	The recent findings perfectly align with prior scientific research.
assume	B2	varsaymak / üstlenmek	Researchers generally assume the experimental variable remains constant. The unstable molecule will eventually assume a more stable configuration.
purify	C1	arındırmak	The advanced filtration system will completely purify the contaminated water.
irreparable	C2	onarılamaz	Massive deforestation causes irreparable damage to global biodiversity.
interfere	B2	müdahale etmek	Strong magnetic fields can heavily interfere with electronic navigation systems.
household	B1	ev halkı / ev ile ilgili	The national survey accurately tracks annual household energy consumption. Common household cleaning chemicals can be surprisingly toxic.
extent	B2	boyut (derece)	The full extent of the polar glacial melting is scientifically alarming.
suspend	B2	askıya almak / asılı bırakmak	The ethics committee will temporarily suspend the controversial clinical trial. The extremely fine particles will suspend indefinitely in the dense fluid.
eradicate	C1	yok etmek (kökünü kazımak)	Global vaccine initiatives can completely eradicate certain viral pathogens.
trigger	B2	tetiklemek / tetik	A massive submarine earthquake can easily trigger a destructive tsunami. The injected chemical acts as a precise trigger for programmed cell apoptosis.
pursue	B2	sürdürmek (peşinden gitmek)	The university institute will pursue advanced genetic modification research.
abandon	B2	terk etmek	Wild birds may permanently abandon their natural nests if frequently disturbed.
distribute	B2	dağıtmak	The smart grid network will evenly distribute the electrical power load.
aware	B1	farkında	The clinical subject was completely aware of the flashing visual stimuli.
unfamiliar	B2	aşina olunmayan	The isolated organism was suddenly exposed to an completely unfamiliar pathogen.
heritage	B2	miras	The rich genetic heritage of the isolated population is incredibly diverse.
integrity	C1	bütünlük / dürüstlük	The foundational structural integrity of the concrete dam is severely compromised. Strict academic integrity is absolutely essential for valid scientific publication.
embrace	C1	benimsemek / kucaklamak	Modern educational institutions eagerly embrace interdisciplinary study models. The primate subjects were observed to affectionately embrace each other socially.
authentic	B2	otantik (gerçek)	The carbon-dated artifact is an absolutely authentic relic from antiquity.
fleeting	C2	geçici (kısa süren)	The remarkably fleeting chemical reaction is exceedingly difficult to directly observe.
discipline	B2	disiplin (bilim dalı) / disiplin (kurallar)	Modern sociology is a distinct and rigorous academic discipline. The strict discipline maintained in the lab ensures overall safety.
vulnerable	B2	savunmasız	The low-lying coastal city is highly vulnerable to globally rising sea levels.
negotiate	B2	müzakere etmek / aşmak (engeli)	The international diplomats must urgently negotiate a binding climate treaty. The autonomous rover must safely negotiate the highly rocky alien terrain.
resist	B2	direnmek	Certain mutated bacteria effectively resist standard pharmacological antibiotic treatments.
foster	C1	teşvik etmek (geliştirmek)	Collaborative international projects greatly foster rapid technological innovation.
excavate	C1	kazı yapmak	The team of archaeologists will carefully excavate the ancient burial site.
interpret	B2	yorumlamak	Scientists use advanced algorithms to interpret the complex spectral data.
consensus	C1	fikir birliği	There is a very strong global scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming.
attach	B1	eklemek (bağlamak)	The microscopic virus will selectively attach itself to the vulnerable host cell.
substitute	B2	yerine geçmek / yedek	Renewable solar energy can potentially substitute polluting fossil fuels entirely. The synthesized chemical acts as an effective substitute for natural digestive enzymes.
critical	B2	eleştirel / kritik (önemli)	The published paper provides a deeply critical analysis of the prior methodology. Liquid water is fundamentally critical for sustaining any known biological life.
threshold	C1	eşik	The electrical stimulus must precisely reach a specific threshold to activate the neurons.
inhospitable	C1	yaşanmaz	The heavily irradiated Martian surface is utterly inhospitable to unshielded human life.
clinical	B2	klinik	The extensive clinical trials clearly demonstrated the experimental drug’s safety.
intellectual	B2	entelektüel / zihinsel	The complex mathematical task requires significant intellectual effort and focus. The lucrative intellectual property rights legally belong to the original inventor.
engage	B2	meşgul olmak (katılmak) / devreye sokmak	The human subjects will actively engage in intensive cognitive behavioral therapy. The automated machine will automatically engage the primary thermal cooling system.
binge	C1	aşırıya kaçmak / alem (aşırı yeme/içme)	The psychiatric study thoroughly analyzed binge eating disorders in modern adolescents. The subjects predictably went on a caloric binge after the prolonged starvation period.
numerous	B2	sayısız	There are quite literally numerous independent variables affecting the final statistical outcome.
thrive	C1	gelişmek (serpilmek)	Certain resilient extremophiles successfully thrive in highly acidic geothermal environments.
moderate	B2	ılımlı / hafifletmek	The coastal region naturally experiences a highly moderate maritime climate. The dense planetary atmosphere helps to significantly moderate extreme surface temperatures.
vigorous	C1	enerjik (güçlü)	The treated plants displayed extraordinarily vigorous growth after the nitrogen fertilization.
intense	B2	yoğun	The stellar core internally generates incredibly intense gravitational and thermal pressure.
aerobic	C1	oksijenli	The human muscle cells will automatically switch to aerobic cellular respiration.
inherent	C1	doğasında olan	There is an absolutely inherent operational risk in early nuclear power generation.
sedentary	C1	hareketsiz	A highly sedentary modern lifestyle heavily contributes to chronic cardiovascular diseases.
capacity	B2	kapasite	The lithium-ion battery has a strict maximum energy storage capacity.
inevitable	B2	kaçınılmaz	The ultimate entropic decay of any closed thermodynamic system is completely inevitable.
starve	B2	açlıktan ölmek	Without adequate sunlight, the photosynthesizing aquatic organisms will rapidly starve.
unrest	C1	huzursuzluk	Severe economic inequality frequently fuels significant and prolonged social unrest.
speculate	C1	tahminde bulunmak	Theoretical astrophysicists currently speculate about the exact nature of dark matter.
drought	B2	kuraklık	The unusually prolonged summer drought completely devastated local agricultural crop yields.
external	B2	dış	The fluctuating external atmospheric pressure directly affects the contained gas volume.
acquire	B2	elde etmek (edinmek)	The human immune system can naturally acquire strong resistance to specific circulating viruses.
destructive	B2	yıkıcı	The category five hurricane had a highly destructive ecological impact on the fragile coastline.
administer	C1	yönetmek / uygulamak (ilaç vb.)	The government agency will officially administer the newly drafted public health policy. The trained nurses must precisely administer the intravenous medication at strictly timed intervals.
motive	B2	güdü (sebep)	The underlying evolutionary motive for this peculiar altruistic behavior remains entirely unclear.
enterprise	C1	girişim (işletme)	The ambitious space exploration enterprise requires massive and sustained governmental funding.
eucalyptus	C1	okaliptüs	The distinctively aromatic eucalyptus tree is inherently native to the vast Australian continent.
excess	B2	aşırı (fazla)	The excess atmospheric carbon safely dissolves into the vast global oceans.
nourish	C1	beslemek	The heavily nutrient-rich soil significantly helps to adequately nourish the growing seedlings.
scarce	B2	kıt (nadir)	Clean fresh water predictably becomes extremely scarce during the arid summer months.
consequent	C1	sonucunda olan	The massive volcanic eruption and its consequent thick ash cloud completely blocked sunlight.
adolescent	B2	ergen	The rapidly developing adolescent brain predictably undergoes highly significant neurological structural changes.
abundant	B2	bol	Simple hydrogen is definitively the most abundant chemical element in the known universe.
undergo	C1	geçirmek (maruz kalmak)	The isolated caterpillar will eventually undergo a highly dramatic biological metamorphosis.
stem	B2	gövde (sap) / kaynaklanmak	The rigid vascular stem efficiently transports vital water throughout the entire plant. The current operational issues entirely stem from extremely poor initial structural planning.
extinct	B2	nesli tükenmiş	The dominant terrestrial dinosaurs became completely extinct after a massive catastrophic asteroid impact.
blush	B2	kızarmak (yüzü)	The sudden autonomic physiological response visibly caused the human subject to blush.
outward	B2	dışa doğru	The sudden chemical explosion violently generated an incredibly intense outward kinetic force.
influential	B2	etkili	The brilliant theoretical scientist published an incredibly influential research paper on quantum mechanics.
esteem	C1	saygı	The veteran university professor is universally held in highly significant esteem by her academic colleagues.
predispose	C2	yatkınlaştırmak	Inherited genetic mutations can definitively predispose human individuals to certain specific autoimmune diseases.
theorize	C1	teori üretmek	Advanced theoretical physicists heavily theorize that incredibly complex parallel universes might actually exist.
communicative	B2	iletişimsel	Intelligent marine dolphins display highly complex and extremely structured communicative social behaviors.
restrict	B2	kısıtlamak	The semi-permeable biological membrane will naturally restrict the free flow of exceptionally large molecules.
compensate	B2	telafi etmek	The human heart automatically beats significantly faster to physically compensate for severe traumatic blood loss.
characteristic	B2	özellik	Exceptionally high thermal conductivity is a universally key defining characteristic of most elemental metals.
introversion	C1	içedönüklük	Statistically high measured levels of psychological introversion strongly correlate with highly specific neural activation patterns.
tendency	B2	eğilim	The chemical has a strong tendency to crystallize.
assertive	B2	iddialı / kendinden emin	The species displays assertive territorial behavior. The researcher took an assertive approach to the debate.
diminish	B2	azalmak / azaltmak	The drug’s efficacy will diminish over time. The new policy will diminish the risk of infection.
seek	B1	aramak / çabalamak	Predators actively seek vulnerable prey. Scientists seek to understand the underlying mechanism.
widespread	B2	yaygın	The disease caused widespread agricultural devastation.
phenomenon	B2	fenomen (olgu)	Bioluminescence is a fascinating marine phenomenon.
vary	B2	değişmek / çeşitlilik göstermek	The results vary depending on the temperature. The species vary greatly in their physical appearance.
abolish	B2	yürürlükten kaldırmak (kaldırmak)	The government decided to abolish the outdated tax law.
slavery	B2	kölelik	The abolition of slavery was a major historical milestone.
unstable	B2	kararsız / dengesiz	The radioactive isotope is highly unstable. The patient’s psychological condition remains unstable.
obstacle	B2	engel	The dense terrain acts as a natural obstacle to migration.
outlaw	C1	yasaklamak / kanun kaçağı	International treaties outlaw the use of biological weapons. The notorious outlaw evaded the authorities for years.
stratum	C1	tabaka	Each geological stratum represents a different historical era.
welfare	B2	refah	The state policy aims to improve general social welfare.
redistribute	C1	yeniden dağıtmak	The system must redistribute the accumulated thermal energy.
prosper	B2	gelişmek / zenginleşmek	The agricultural sector will prosper with sufficient rainfall. The newly established colony began to prosper rapidly.
mere	B2	sadece (sırf)	The mere presence of the predator causes anxiety in the prey.
imbalance	B2	dengesizlik	A hormonal imbalance can lead to severe health issues.
unprecedented	C1	eşi benzeri görülmemiş	The rapid climate shift occurred at an unprecedented rate.
expand	B1	genişlemek / genişletmek	Metals tend to expand when subjected to high heat. The corporation plans to expand its global market reach.
extract	B2	çıkarmak (özünü çıkarmak)	Researchers can extract DNA from ancient fossil records.
dominant	B2	baskın	The dominant male usually leads the entire wolf pack.
underlying	C1	altında yatan (temel)	The underlying cause of the chronic disease remains unknown.
clarify	B2	netleştirmek (açıklığa kavuşturmak)	Further experimentation is needed to clarify the ambiguous results.
considerable	B2	önemli (kayda değer)	The experiment requires a considerable amount of electrical power.
justify	B2	haklı çıkarmak (gerekçelendirmek)	The preliminary data will justify further clinical investigations.
perish	C1	yok olmak (ölmek)	Many fragile species will perish if the habitat is destroyed.
consume	B1	tüketmek	Large mammals typically consume massive amounts of daily calories.
downright	C1	tamamen (düpedüz)	The proposed scientific theory is downright contradictory to established physics.
nutrition	B2	beslenme	Adequate maternal nutrition is critical for fetal cognitive development.
degrade	C1	bozunmak / aşağılamak	Exposure to ultraviolet light will gradually degrade the polymer. The toxic environment tends to degrade human dignity.
spoil	B2	bozulmak (çürümek) / şımartmak	Bacterial contamination will quickly spoil the organic food sample. Overly permissive parenting can spoil a developing child.
devour	C1	bir çırpıda yemek (yutmak)	The black hole will eventually devour the surrounding stellar matter.
preserve	B2	korumak (muhafaza etmek)	The deep permafrost helped to perfectly preserve the ancient mammoth.
advent	C1	geliş (ortaya çıkış)	The advent of the printing press profoundly transformed human society.
acute	C1	akut (şiddetli) / keskin	The patient suffered from an acute respiratory viral infection. The canine species possesses an acute sense of smell.
proliferate	C1	çoğalmak (yayılmak)	The cancer cells will rapidly proliferate without immediate medical intervention.
overrun	C1	istila etmek / aşmak (sınırı)	Invasive weeds quickly overrun the native agricultural crops. The project costs will likely overrun the initial budget constraints.
gastrointestinal	C1	mide-bağırsak (gastrointestinal)	The newly discovered bacteria primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract.
tract	C1	sistem (kanal) / geniş arazi	The human digestive tract processes complex proteins efficiently. The government protected a vast tract of primary rainforest.
misery	B2	sefalet (acı)	Prolonged economic depression causes immense psychological misery.
expose	B2	maruz bırakmak / açığa çıkarmak	The protocol will expose the samples to extreme radiation levels. The investigative report will expose the structural flaws of the system.
detect	B2	tespit etmek	Advanced sensors can efficiently detect minute changes in seismic activity.
involuntary	C1	istemsiz	Blinking is primarily an involuntary reflex action of the eye.
exhibit	B2	sergilemek	The infected cells uniquely exhibit abnormal metabolic characteristics.
induce	C1	tetiklemek (neden olmak)	The administered drug will artificially induce a state of deep sleep.
bodily	B2	bedensel	The nervous system regulates all essential bodily functions.
respond	B1	tepki vermek (yanıtlamak)	The immune system will quickly respond to the invading pathogen.
protect	B1	korumak	The thick atmospheric layer helps to protect Earth from cosmic radiation.
disguise	B2	gizlemek (kılık değiştirmek) / kamuflaj	The cephalopod can chemically disguise itself against the coral reef. The spy’s elaborate disguise successfully fooled the facial recognition software.
yield	B2	ürün vermek (sağlamak) / boyun eğmek	The fertile soil will yield an exceptionally large agricultural harvest. The structural steel will eventually yield under immense mechanical stress.
polygraph	C1	yalan makinesi	The suspect’s physiological responses were continuously monitored by a polygraph.
consistent	B2	tutarlı	The empirical results are entirely consistent with the original hypothesis.
examine	B1	incelemek	The pathologist will thoroughly examine the diseased tissue samples.
deceptive	C1	aldatıcı	The animal’s bright warning coloration is actually entirely deceptive.
accuse	B2	suçlamak	The prosecutor will formally accuse the corporation of severe environmental negligence.
disturb	B2	rahatsız etmek (bozmak)	Industrial noise pollution can seriously disturb local marine ecosystems.
truthful	B2	doğru sözlü (gerçek)	The experimental subject gave a surprisingly truthful account of the event.
willing	B1	istekli	The healthy volunteers were perfectly willing to undergo the medical trial.
differentiate	C1	ayırt etmek (farklılaştırmak)	The specialized assay can easily differentiate between the two viral strains.
reliable	B1	güvenilir	Carbon dating is a highly reliable method for determining ancient chronologies.
impractical	C1	kullanışsız (pratik olmayan)	The proposed engineering solution is theoretically sound but entirely impractical.
investigate	B2	araştırmak (soruşturmak)	The research team will comprehensively investigate the mysterious neurological outbreak.
imitate	B2	taklit etmek	The artificial neural network aims to precisely imitate human cognitive processes.
aspire	C1	arzulamak (hedeflemek)	Many undergraduate students strongly aspire to publish in prestigious scientific journals.
stimulate	B2	uyarmak (teşvik etmek)	The weak electrical current will stimulate the isolated frog muscle.
imply	B2	ima etmek (göstermek)	The sudden temperature drop may imply an impending severe weather event.
necessitate	C1	gerektirmek	The complex surgical procedure will absolutely necessitate general anesthesia.
literary	B2	edebi	The historical text is recognized primarily for its immense literary value.
offshore	C1	açık deniz (kıyıdan uzak)	The massive offshore wind farm generates significant renewable electrical energy.
convey	B2	aktarmak (iletmek)	The complex biochemical signals successfully convey crucial cellular information.
sequel	B2	devam (eseri) / sonuç	The ongoing geological study acts as a necessary sequel to prior surveys. The devastating famine was a direct sequel to the prolonged regional drought.
haven	C1	sığınak	The protected marine reserve serves as a safe haven for endangered sea turtles.
accurate	B2	doğru (kesin)	The newly calibrated instrument provides exceptionally accurate topological measurements.
beneficial	B2	faydalı	The symbiotic bacteria are highly beneficial to the host’s overall digestion.
trivial	C1	önemsiz	The statistical error was deemed totally trivial by the lead researchers.
tonsil	B2	bademcik	A chronic bacterial infection often leads to severe tonsil inflammation.
caution	B2	dikkat (tedbir) / uyarmak	The highly volatile chemical requires extreme caution during laboratory handling. Experts strongly caution against the unregulated use of artificial intelligence.
activate	B2	etkinleştirmek	The specific enzyme will biochemically activate the dormant cellular pathway.
immune	B2	bağışık	The artificially developed hybrid strain is completely immune to the fungal disease.
inflame	C1	alevlendirmek (iltihaplandırmak)	The abrasive airborne particles will quickly inflame the sensitive lung tissue.
tolerate	B2	tolere etmek (katlanmak)	Some extremophile bacteria can easily tolerate incredibly high environmental radiation.
vaccinate	B2	aşılamak	Public health officials aim to systematically vaccinate the entire vulnerable population.
medicate	C1	ilaç tedavisi uygulamak	The psychiatrist may medicate the patient to rapidly alleviate the severe anxiety.
futile	C1	beyhude (nafile)	Any attempt to mathematically predict chaotic quantum events is fundamentally futile.
sensory	B2	duyusal	The complex sensory receptors continuously transmit vital environmental data to the brain.
operate	B2	çalışmak (işlemek) / ameliyat etmek	The heavy industrial machinery requires high voltage to optimally operate. The skilled neurosurgeon will carefully operate on the patient’s frontal lobe.
owe	B1	borçlu olmak	We heavily owe our modern medical understanding to early pioneering scientists.
regardless	B2	her şeye rağmen (bakılmaksızın)	The chemical reaction proceeds smoothly regardless of the external ambient temperature.
interrelate	C1	birbiriyle ilişkilendirmek	The ecological and socioeconomic factors directly interrelate in complex systemic patterns.
expanse	C1	genişlik (geniş alan)	The vast expanse of the Sahara desert presents unique biological survival challenges.
contentious	C2	tartışmalı	The controversial evolutionary theory remains a highly contentious topic among certain demographic groups.
approximate	B2	yaklaşık / yaklaşmak (yaklaşık olarak hesaplamak)	The approximate age of the fossil is estimated to be two million years. The computational model aims to closely approximate actual fluid dynamic behavior.
recognize	B1	tanımak (kabul etmek)	The immune system must rapidly recognize foreign antigens to initiate defense.
classify	B2	sınıflandırmak	Biologists carefully classify newly discovered organisms based on phylogenetic evolutionary traits.
indigenous	C1	yerli (özgü)	The unique marsupial species is completely indigenous to the Australian continent.
rein	C1	dizgin / dizginlemek	The political administration must keep a tight rein on runaway economic inflation. The central bank attempted to quickly rein in the rapidly escalating market speculation.
compass	B2	pusula / kapsam	The magnetic compass is highly susceptible to localized electromagnetic interference. The complex issue falls well outside the normal compass of standard biological research.
bias	B2	ön yargı (eğilim)	The poorly designed clinical trial exhibited significant statistical selection bias.
empathy	B2	empati	Modern psychological studies highlight the evolutionary importance of human cognitive empathy.
vast	B2	devasa (çok geniş)	The deep ocean contains a remarkably vast reservoir of undiscovered genetic diversity.
psychic	C1	ruhsal (psişik) / medyum	The severe trauma caused deep and lasting psychic damage to the subjects. The fraudulent psychic claimed to easily predict completely random future events.
reactive	C1	tepkisel / reaktif	The highly reactive chemical compound spontaneously combusts when exposed to pure oxygen.
clarity	B2	netlik	The high-resolution electron microscope provides exceptional visual clarity of cellular structures.
prompt	B2	anlık (çabuk) / teşvik etmek	The sudden critical system failure demands a highly prompt engineering response. The anomalous empirical data will inevitably prompt a thorough scientific reinvestigation.
ingrained	C1	kökleşmiş (yerleşik)	The deeply ingrained behavioral habit is exceptionally difficult for the adult subjects to break.
coherent	C1	tutarlı (mantıklı)	The theoretical physicist presented a remarkably coherent argument for the existence of parallel dimensions.
narrative	B2	anlatı	The historical narrative provided by the ancient texts often conflicts with modern archaeological evidence.
adapt	B2	uyum sağlamak	The versatile microbial species can rapidly adapt to extremely harsh environmental conditions.
illusion	B2	yanılsama	The mirage in the arid desert is a well-documented optical atmospheric illusion.
sublime	C2	yüce (olağanüstü)	The mathematical elegance of the unifying physical theorem is truly intellectually sublime.
defy	C1	karşı gelmek (meydan okumak)	The observed quantum particle behaviors seemingly defy all classical Newtonian physical laws.
comprehend	B2	kavramak (anlamak)	The human mind struggles to fully comprehend the immense scale of the visible universe.
memento	C1	hatıra (andaç)	The preserved lunar rock serves as a historical memento of the groundbreaking Apollo mission.
impermanent	C2	kalıcı olmayan (geçici)	The shifting desert sand dunes are highly dynamic and entirely impermanent geographical structures.
displace	C1	yerinden etmek	The rising global sea levels will inevitably displace millions of vulnerable coastal residents.
notable	B2	dikkate değer	There was a highly notable increase in local seismic activity preceding the volcanic eruption.
shift	B2	kayma (değişim) / değiştirmek	The profound paradigm shift radically altered the foundational course of modern theoretical physics. The tectonic plates continuously shift beneath the Earth’s solid crust.
ignorant	B2	cahil (habersiz)	The public remains largely ignorant of the severe long-term ecological consequences of microplastics.
innovate	B2	yenilik yapmak	Tech companies must continuously innovate to physically survive in the highly competitive modern market.
diagnose	B2	teşhis etmek	The specialized physician can accurately diagnose the rare genetic disorder through advanced blood testing.
incidence	C1	görülme sıklığı	The statistical incidence of chronic respiratory diseases sharply rises in heavily polluted urban areas.
occur	B1	meydana gelmek	Total solar eclipses strictly occur when the moon perfectly aligns between the Earth and the sun.
psychiatric	B2	psikiyatrik	The severe clinical depression requires immediate and comprehensive professional psychiatric intervention.
conduct	B2	yürütmek (yönetmek) / davranış	The research team will formally conduct a rigorous double-blind clinical trial. The university ethics committee strictly monitors the professional conduct of all laboratory personnel.
gene	B2	gen	The specific mutated gene is directly responsible for inherited visual color blindness.
flaw	B2	kusur	The critical structural flaw in the bridge design ultimately led to its catastrophic collapse.
inject	B2	enjekte etmek	The automated medical device will precisely inject the required dosage of synthetic insulin.
startle	C1	irkiltmek (korkutmak)	The sudden loud acoustic stimulus will predictably startle the resting animal subjects.
tranquil	C1	sakin (huzurlu)	The tranquil atmospheric conditions allowed for entirely unobstructed high-resolution astronomical observations.
irritate	B2	tahriş etmek / sinirlendirmek	The harsh synthetic chemicals will rapidly irritate the deeply sensitive dermal tissue. The constant high-frequency background noise began to severely irritate the experimental human subjects.
resemble	B2	benzemek	The newly synthesized artificial compound strongly appears to resemble a naturally occurring organic enzyme.
adjust	B2	ayarlamak (uyarlamak)	The sophisticated optical telescope can automatically adjust its internal focal length continuously.
deter	C1	caydırmak	The incredibly strong electrical fence is primarily designed to securely deter large invasive predators.
submit	B2	sunmak (teslim etmek) / boyun eğmek	The scientists must formally submit their detailed research findings for rigorous peer review. The subordinate wolf will clearly physically submit to the alpha of the pack.
adhere	C1	yapışmak / bağlı kalmak	The specialized synthetic polymer will strongly adhere to wet biological tissue surfaces. The clinical researchers must strictly adhere to established international medical ethical guidelines.
literacy	B2	okuryazarlık	Basic statistical literacy is fundamentally crucial for accurately interpreting modern epidemiological research data.
competent	C1	yetkin (yeterli)	The highly competent software engineer efficiently optimized the complex machine learning algorithm.
vocational	B2	mesleki	The technical institute provides highly specialized vocational training for advanced industrial manufacturing.
exclude	B2	dışlamak (hariç tutmak)	The rigorous statistical analysis must deliberately exclude any significantly corrupted empirical data points.
relieve	B2	hafifletmek / rahatlatmak	The analgesic drug will relieve neuropathic pain in rodent models. Deep breathing exercises can relieve acute anxiety symptoms prior to examination.
deteriorate	B2	bozulmak / kötüleşmek	The patient’s renal function will deteriorate rapidly without hemodialysis intervention. Structural integrity of the bridge deteriorates due to sustained chloride-induced corrosion.
attain	C1	ulaşmak / elde etmek	The rocket must attain escape velocity to enter low Earth orbit. Participants who attain proficiency scores above 80% will receive certification.
withdraw	B2	geri çekmek / çekilmek	The subject will withdraw their consent if adverse effects manifest. Troops will withdraw from the conflict zone following the ceasefire agreement.
precaution	B2	önlem / tedbir	Laboratory workers wear protective goggles as a precaution against chemical splashes. Storing volatile reagents in a fume hood is a standard precaution.
terminate	B2	sonlandırmak / feshetmek	The algorithm will terminate execution upon reaching convergence criteria. The employer may terminate the contract if safety protocols are violated.
prevalent	C1	yaygın / geçerli	Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increasingly prevalent in hospital environments. The mutation is more prevalent among populations with ancestral exposure to malaria.
momentum	B2	ivme / hız	The particle’s linear momentum is conserved in the absence of external forces. Social reform gained momentum after the publication of the landmark study.
absorb	B2	emmek / absorbe etmek	Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons primarily in the red and blue wavelengths. The buffer solution will absorb excess hydrogen ions to maintain stable pH.
hospitable	C1	misafirperver / yaşanabilir	The exoplanet’s atmospheric composition may not be hospitable to carbon-based life. The research team found the host institution remarkably hospitable to cross-disciplinary collaboration.
instantaneous	C1	anlık / anında	The flash lamp emits an instantaneous pulse of light lasting less than one nanosecond. Instantaneous velocity differs from average velocity when acceleration is non-zero.
detrimental	C1	zararlı	Chronic sleep restriction has a detrimental effect on cognitive performance and memory consolidation. The introduction of invasive species proved detrimental to native arthropod populations.
preliminary	B2	ön / başlangıç	The preliminary data suggest a positive correlation between dosage and response. Researchers conducted a preliminary feasibility study before the full-scale trial.
seminal	C2	çığır açıcı / tohum niteliğinde	Watson and Crick’s seminal paper on DNA structure revolutionized molecular biology. The seminal work of Piaget continues to influence developmental psychology.
mortal	B2	ölümlü / ölümcül	Humans are mortal beings with a maximum documented lifespan of 122 years. A mortal wound to the thoracic aorta leads to exsanguination within minutes.
reveal	B2	ortaya çıkarmak / göstermek	The electron microscope will reveal ultrastructural details of the organelle. Genetic analysis may reveal previously unknown pathogenic variants.
substantial	B2	önemli / büyük	The study found a substantial reduction in tumor volume after three treatment cycles. A substantial investment in infrastructure is required to modernize the grid.
exponential	C1	üstel	Bacterial growth under ideal conditions follows an exponential curve. The rate of technological advancement has been exponential over the past century.
convenient	B1	uygun / elverişli	Using a spectrophotometer is a convenient method for quantifying nucleic acid concentration. The software provides a convenient interface for managing large datasets.
precise	B2	hassas / tam	The laser cutting tool requires precise calibration to achieve sub-millimeter accuracy. A precise definition of the phenotype is essential for genetic association studies.
fruitful	C1	verimli / faydalı	The interdisciplinary collaboration proved fruitful, yielding three high-impact publications. Long-term ecological studies are particularly fruitful for understanding climate change effects.
intimate	B2	yakın / samimi	The intimate relationship between the gut microbiota and host immunity is well documented. Researchers gained an intimate understanding of the protein’s folding dynamics.
severe	B2	şiddetli / ağır	The patient presented with severe bradycardia and hypotension. Severe weather conditions forced the postponement of the rocket launch.
disorder	B2	bozukluk / düzensizlik	Bipolar disorder is characterized by alternating manic and depressive episodes. Entropy measures the degree of molecular disorder in a closed system.
exploit	B2	sömürmek / kullanmak	The algorithm will exploit available computational resources to minimize runtime. Colonial powers systematically exploited natural resources without regard for indigenous populations.
victimize	C1	mağdur etmek	Fraudulent schemes often victimize elderly individuals with limited digital literacy. The study examined how authoritarian regimes victimize political dissidents.
supervise	B2	denetlemek / gözetmek	A licensed principal investigator must supervise all experiments involving radioactive isotopes. The nurse will supervise medication administration to prevent dosing errors.
component	B2	bileşen	The ribosome is a fundamental component of the protein synthesis machinery. Each component of the alloy contributes uniquely to its mechanical properties.
conventional	B2	geleneksel / alışılmış	Conventional agriculture relies heavily on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. The conventional wisdom regarding sleep requirements has been challenged by recent studies.
superior	B2	üstün	The composite material exhibits superior tensile strength compared to steel. No single machine learning algorithm is universally superior across all problem domains.
agile	C1	çevik / esnek	The agile software development methodology prioritizes iterative delivery and customer feedback. Agile predators like cheetahs depend on rapid acceleration and directional changes.
metabolism	B2	metabolizma	Basal metabolism accounts for approximately 60-75% of total daily energy expenditure. Drug metabolism occurs primarily in the liver via cytochrome P450 enzymes.
fungus	B2	mantar	The fungus Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. Mycorrhizal fungus forms symbiotic associations with plant root systems.
poisonous	B2	zehirli	The Amanita phalloides poisonous mushroom contains amatoxins that inhibit RNA polymerase. Some snakes are poisonous to ingest, while others are venomous via bite.
scholarly	C1	akademik / bilimsel	The scholarly peer-review process ensures research validity before publication. Her scholarly output includes 45 articles in indexed journals.
upheaval	C1	kargaşa / altüst oluş	The Industrial Revolution caused a massive social upheaval, shifting populations from rural to urban centers. Tectonic upheaval can expose previously buried geological strata.
regime	B2	rejim / düzen	The authoritarian regime restricted scientific exchange with foreign institutions. A controlled temperature regime is critical for the fermentation process.
constitutional	B2	anayasal	The constitutional amendment protected freedom of scientific inquiry. A constitutional monarchy differs from an absolute monarchy in the distribution of executive power.
suffrage	B2	oy hakkı	Universal suffrage for adults over 18 is a cornerstone of modern democracies. The women’s suffrage movement achieved voting rights in many nations by the early 20th century.
inspire	B2	ilham vermek	The researcher’s dedication will inspire future generations of scientists. Natural patterns often inspire biomimetic engineering designs.
legacy	B2	miras	The legacy of the Manhattan Project includes both nuclear energy and weapons proliferation. Legacy software systems often require maintenance despite inefficient architectures.
enthrall	C2	büyülemek / hayran bırakmak	The complexity of neural networks continues to enthrall computational neuroscientists. The audience was enthralled by the demonstration of quantum entanglement.
interweave	C1	iç içe geçmek / birleştirmek	The study will interweave genetic, environmental, and behavioral data to model disease risk. Historical narratives interweave factual events with interpretive frameworks.
superb	B2	mükemmel / harika	The spectrometer yielded superb resolution at sub-nanometer scales. The team’s superb experimental design minimized confounding variables.
collaborate	B2	işbirliği yapmak	The biochemists will collaborate with computational modelers to simulate protein folding. International agencies must collaborate to track pandemic spread effectively.
menace	B2	tehdit / tehlike	Invasive species pose a persistent menace to native biodiversity. The unsupervised release of autonomous weapons is a global menace.
gangster	B2	gangster / haydut	The gangster network controlled illicit drug trafficking across several jurisdictions. Organized gangster violence correlates with economic deprivation in urban sociology studies.
youthful	B2	genç / dinamik	The youthful skin exhibits higher collagen density and elasticity. Youthful enthusiasm for research often drives innovative but risky experiments.
ambition	B2	hırs / hedef	Her ambition to publish in Nature motivated rigorous experimental controls. The project’s ambition exceeded available funding, leading to partial completion.
erode	C1	aşındırmak	Acid rain will erode calcareous building materials over decades. Public trust in scientific institutions can erode following research misconduct scandals.
artful	C1	becerikli / ustaca	The artful design of the CRISPR-Cas9 system allows precise gene editing. The researcher used an artful combination of inhibitors to dissect the signaling pathway.
sympathetic	B2	anlayışlı / sempatik	The autonomic nervous system’s sympathetic branch mediates fight-or-flight responses. The review committee was sympathetic to the challenges of fieldwork in remote regions.
execute	B2	uygulamak / idam etmek	The computer will execute the compiled code line by line. The protocol must be executed exactly as written to ensure reproducibility.
intricate	C1	karmaşık / girift	The intricate folding patterns of the protein determine its binding affinity. Ecological food webs exhibit intricate dependencies among species.
involve	B2	içermek / dahil etmek	The experiment will involve both in vitro and in vivo phases. Solving this equation involves integrating over a non-linear domain.
disapprove	B2	onaylamamak	The institutional review board may disapprove studies lacking informed consent protocols. Many evolutionary biologists disapprove of teleological explanations in adaptation.
forthcoming	C1	yakında olacak / hazır	The forthcoming issue of the journal will feature a meta-analysis on this topic. The data were not forthcoming due to equipment malfunction.
subliminal	C2	bilinçaltı	Subliminal visual stimuli presented below conscious threshold can still prime neural responses. The study found no evidence that subliminal audio messages alter purchasing behavior.
credible	B2	güvenilir / inandırıcı	A credible source of funding disclosure enhances research integrity. The null hypothesis remains credible until p-value falls below 0.05.
rationale	C1	gerekçe / mantık	The rationale for using a double-blind design is to eliminate observer bias. The author provided a clear rationale for excluding certain demographic groups.
chronic	B2	kronik / süreğen	Chronic inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis and insulin resistance. The patient has suffered chronic lower back pain for over six months.
imminent	C1	yakın / eli kulağında	The volcanic eruption is imminent based on seismic tremor frequency. Evacuation orders were issued due to the imminent flood risk.
digestive	B2	sindirim	The digestive system breaks down macromolecules into absorbable monomers. Pancreatic enzymes play a crucial digestive role in the small intestine.
cardiovascular	B2	kardiyovasküler / kalp-damar	Regular aerobic exercise improves cardiovascular fitness by increasing stroke volume. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of mortality worldwide.
dissipate	C1	dağılmak / yok olmak	The thermal energy will dissipate into the surroundings via conduction and convection. Turbulence causes the pollutant cloud to dissipate over time.
spur	B2	teşvik etmek / harekete geçirmek	The discovery of antibiotic resistance genes should spur new drug development initiatives. Economic incentives can spur adoption of green technologies.
cope	B2	başa çıkmak	Organisms must cope with fluctuating environmental conditions to survive. The research team developed strategies to cope with missing data in longitudinal studies.
identical	B2	aynı / özdeş	The two DNA sequences are 99% identical except for a single nucleotide polymorphism. Identical twins share nearly all of their genetic material.
reputation	B2	itibar / ün	The journal’s reputation for rigorous peer review attracts high-quality submissions. A scientist’s reputation can be damaged irreparably by data fabrication.
experiment	B2	deney	The controlled experiment will test the effect of temperature on enzyme kinetics. Each experiment includes a negative control to rule out contamination.
neutral	B2	nötr	A neutral pH of 7.0 indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH- ions. The mediator remained neutral during the debate between competing hypotheses.
integral	C1	ayrılmaz / tamamlayıcı	Critical thinking is an integral component of scientific literacy. The integral of velocity over time yields displacement.
prescribe	B2	reçete etmek / önermek	The physician will prescribe a beta-blocker for hypertension management. The protocol prescribes a centrifugation step at 4000g for ten minutes.
radical	B2	köklü / radikal	The free radical theory of aging implicates oxidative damage in cellular senescence. A radical redesign of the experimental apparatus improved throughput by 300%.
mandatory	B2	zorunlu	Safety goggles are mandatory in all wet laboratory spaces. Completion of ethics training is mandatory prior to subject enrollment.
literate	B2	okuryazar	A scientifically literate population can evaluate evidence and distinguish peer-reviewed sources. The technician must be computer-literate to operate the mass spectrometer.
storytelling	B2	hikaye anlatımı	Effective storytelling in grant proposals increases funding success rates. Storytelling has been a primary mode of transmitting ecological knowledge across generations.
profound	C1	derin / büyük	The discovery of DNA structure had a profound impact on biology. The patient experienced profound fatigue following chemotherapy.
proficient	C1	yeterli / uzman	The researcher is proficient in Python, R, and MATLAB for data analysis. To operate the electron microscope independently, one must become proficient in vacuum system management.
simple	B2	basit	The simple diffusion of gases across membranes requires no energy input. A simple linear regression model may not capture complex interactions.
flexible	B2	esnek	The flexible work schedule allowed the team to accommodate time-sensitive experiments. Polymer chains become more flexible at temperatures above their glass transition point.
hinder	B2	engellemek	Excessive light pollution will hinder astronomical observations of faint nebulae. Lack of funding can hinder the translation of basic research into clinical applications.
likely	B2	olası	Subjects who skip meals are more likely to experience hypoglycemia. It is likely that climate change will exacerbate species extinction rates.
comparative	B2	karşılaştırmalı	Comparative genomics reveals conserved regulatory elements across evolutionarily distant species. The study used a comparative approach to assess treatment efficacy versus placebo.
emerge	B2	ortaya çıkmak	Novel viral strains can emerge through recombination and mutation. From the chaos of early development, organized neural circuits gradually emerge.
gradual	B2	kademeli / aşamalı	The species underwent a gradual morphological change over 10,000 generations. A gradual increase in temperature minimized thermal shock to the cell culture.
unanswered	B2	cevapsız	The mechanism of long-term memory consolidation remains an unanswered question in neuroscience. Several unanswered critiques of the methodology were raised during the Q**A session.
compute	B2	hesaplamak	The supercomputer will compute the trajectory of each particle in the simulation. To compute the standard deviation, first find the mean of the dataset.
predict	B2	tahmin etmek	The model can predict protein secondary structure with 80% accuracy. Meteorologists predict hurricane paths using ensemble forecasting techniques.
exceptional	B2	olağanüstü	The exceptional binding affinity of the antibody suggests therapeutic potential. Under exceptional circumstances, the review board may waive informed consent requirements.
stake	C1	pay / risk	Each collaborator has a financial stake in the patent’s success. The stake of getting the answer wrong is committing a Type I error.
rudimentary	C1	ilkel / basit	The first robots had rudimentary sensors and limited decision-making algorithms. A rudimentary understanding of statistics is necessary to interpret p-values.
captive	B2	esir / tutsak	The captive breeding program aims to reintroduce the species into protected habitats. Captive animals may exhibit stereotypic behaviors not seen in wild populations.
conceptual	C1	kavramsal	The conceptual framework of the theory relies on the idea of natural selection. A conceptual model often precedes mathematical formulation in physics.
ground	B2	zemin / temellendirmek	The ground conductivity affects the propagation of radio waves. The researcher will ground her hypotheses in established neuroanatomical findings.
plausible	C1	makul / inandırıcı	The alternative explanation is plausible given the observed effect size. No plausible mechanism has been proposed for the alleged phenomenon.
revenue	B2	gelir	The university’s research revenue from patents exceeded $50 million last year. Publication fees constitute a growing portion of open-access journal revenue.
compete	B2	rekabet etmek	Different laboratories often compete to publish similar findings first. Predators and prey compete indirectly for limited environmental resources.
burdensome	C1	külfetli / zorlayıcı	The reporting requirements proved burdensome for small research teams. Carrying heavy protective equipment is burdensome but necessary in high-security labs.
overseas	B2	yurtdışı	The researcher moved overseas for access to advanced synchrotron facilities. Overseas collaboration can introduce cultural and regulatory challenges.
genesis	C1	doğuş / başlangıç	The genesis of the theory can be traced to a single anomalous observation. Understanding the genesis of metastatic tumors requires lineage tracing experiments.
mindful	B2	dikkatli / farkında	Researchers must be mindful of potential conflicts of interest when accepting industry funding. Be mindful of the temperature sensitivity of the enzyme during handling.
inaction	C1	eylemsizlik	Regulatory inaction may allow hazardous chemicals to remain on the market. Prolonged inaction in response to climate change will increase adaptation costs.
loan	B2	ödünç verme / kredi	The graduate student took out a loan to cover tuition during dissertation research. The lab equipment was obtained as a long-term loan from a collaborating institution.
repay	B2	geri ödemek	The grant recipient must repay unspent funds to the funding agency. It may take decades to repay the student debt accumulated during medical training.
discourage	B2	caydırmak / cesaretini kırmak	Negative results should not discourage publication; they add to scientific knowledge. High publication fees may discourage researchers from low-income countries.
outweigh	C1	ağır basmak	The benefits of vaccination vastly outweigh the rare risk of adverse events. For most patients, treatment side effects do not outweigh survival gains.
nimble	C1	çevik / atik	The nimble robotic arm performed microsurgical anastomoses with precision. Small startups are often more nimble than large corporations in pivoting research directions.
incapable	B2	yeteneksiz / aciz	The mutant strain is incapable of synthesizing the essential amino acid leucine. This software is incapable of handling datasets larger than 2 GB.
delicate	B2	hassas / narin	The delicate balance of the ecosystem was disrupted by the invasive predator. Handle the delicate optical fiber with care to avoid microcracks.
clumsy	B2	sakar / hantal	The clumsy manipulation of the micropipette led to inaccurate volume transfer. Early prosthetic limbs were clumsy and offered limited dexterity.
excel	B2	mükemmel olmak / üstün olmak	Students who excel in organic chemistry often pursue pharmaceutical research. The species excels at colonizing disturbed habitats due to rapid reproduction.
perceive	B2	algılamak / fark etmek	Humans perceive color through three types of cone photoreceptors. The subjects did not perceive the subliminal visual cues presented at 5 ms duration.
odds	B2	olasılık / ihtimal	The odds of a Type I error increase with multiple hypothesis testing. Despite long odds, the expedition successfully recovered the sediment cores.
mount	B2	monte etmek / artmak / binmek	The technician will mount the sample on a carbon-coated grid for electron microscopy. Tension began to mount as the deadline for manuscript submission approached.
undertake	B2	üstlenmek / girişmek	The research team will undertake a longitudinal study of cognitive decline. Before you undertake gene editing, secure institutional biosafety approval.
initial	B2	başlangıç	The initial hypothesis was rejected after analyzing the full dataset. The initial burst of fluorescence decayed exponentially over 100 milliseconds.
forgettable	B2	unutulabilir / sıradan	The poster presentation was forgettable due to poor data visualization. Most routine lab meetings produce forgettable discussions unless action items are recorded.
replicate	B2	tekrarlamak / kopyalamak	The independent lab failed to replicate the original study’s findings. Cells replicate their DNA during the S phase of the cell cycle.
enhance	B2	geliştirmek / artırmak	Adding a conductive polymer will enhance the electrode’s charge storage capacity. The new algorithm enhances signal-to-noise ratio by adaptive filtering.
salient	C1	belirgin / çarpıcı	The salient feature of the mutation is a loss of enzymatic activity. Identify the most salient variables before building the regression model.
cue	B2	işaret / ipucu	The auditory cue triggered a conditioned fear response in the rodents. Visual cues guide the robotic arm during object manipulation tasks.
recollect	C1	hatırlamak / anımsamak	The patient could not recollect events from the 24 hours preceding the seizure. Attempting to recollect a repressed memory can sometimes create false narratives.
neural	B2	sinirsel / nöral	Neural activity in the hippocampus correlates with spatial navigation performance. The neural network model was trained on 10,000 labeled images.
alter	B2	değiştirmek	The CRISPR-Cas9 system can alter specific genomic loci with high precision. Do not alter the buffer composition without recalibrating the pH meter.
distinct	B2	belirgin / farklı	The two species are genetically distinct despite morphological similarities. A distinct threshold effect was observed at 50 mM concentration.
stimulus	B2	uyarıcı	The stimulus was a 1000 Hz tone presented at 80 dB for 500 ms. An unconditioned stimulus naturally elicits a response without prior learning.
broad	B2	geniş / kapsamlı	The study takes a broad view of metabolic regulation across tissues. A broad range of concentrations was tested to establish the dose-response curve.
susceptible	C1	duyarlı / hassas	Immunocompromised patients are especially susceptible to opportunistic infections. Silica nanoparticles make the coating more susceptible to cracking under stress.
viable	C1	yaşayabilir / uygulanabilir	The embryo must implant in the uterine wall to become viable. Only viable bacterial colonies will grow on selective media.
urgent	B2	acil	There is an urgent need for new antibiotics targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria. The patient’s deteriorating status required urgent surgical intervention.
contingent	C1	bağlı / koşullu	The funding is contingent upon achieving specified recruitment milestones. The results are contingent on the assumption of normally distributed errors.
grave	B2	ciddi / ağır (tehlikeli)	The patient is in grave condition following the stroke. A grave error in the experimental design invalidated the conclusions.
harsh	B2	sert / acımasız	The harsh chemical conditions of the lysosome degrade foreign particles. Peer reviewers can be harsh, but their critiques improve manuscript quality.
ecology	B2	ekoloji	Ecology examines the interactions between organisms and their environment. Restoration ecology aims to return degraded ecosystems to a stable state.
onset	C1	başlangıç (hastalık vb.)	The onset of symptoms occurred 48 hours after exposure. Early onset of puberty is associated with various metabolic risks.
respiratory	B2	solunum	The respiratory tract is lined with ciliated epithelial cells. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a coronavirus.
viral	B2	viral	The viral infection spread rapidly through the immunologically naive population. Viral vector delivery systems are used in gene therapy trials.
initiative	B2	girişim / inisiyatif	The initiative to replicate controversial studies was funded by a private foundation. Taking the initiative to document negative results prevents duplication of effort.
overuse	B2	aşırı kullanım	Antibiotic overuse drives the evolution of resistant bacterial strains. Overuse of non-renewable groundwater resources leads to aquifer depletion.
complementary	C1	tamamlayıcı	The two techniques provide complementary information on protein structure. Complementary DNA strands hybridize via base pairing.
illustrate	B2	örneklendirmek / göstermek	Figure 2 will illustrate the relationship between temperature and reaction rate. The case study illustrates the challenges of informed consent in emergency research.
intrigue	C1	merak uyandırmak / ilgisini çekmek	The anomalous result intrigued the research team, prompting further investigation. The complexity of epigenetic regulation continues to intrigue molecular biologists.
avoid	B2	kaçınmak	To avoid photobleaching, reduce the intensity of the excitation light. Subjects should avoid eating for eight hours prior to blood sampling.
inescapable	C1	kaçınılmaz	The conclusion that the null hypothesis is false appears inescapable given the data. Uncertainty is an inescapable feature of predictive modeling.
negligible	C1	ihmal edilebilir / önemsiz	The difference between the two measurements was negligible relative to the standard deviation. The systematic error remained negligible below 50°C but increased exponentially thereafter.
knowledgeable	B2	bilgili / haberdar	The principal investigator is highly knowledgeable about CRISPR off-target effects. A knowledgeable research assistant can troubleshoot PCR failures efficiently.
infant	B1	bebek / süt çocuğu	The infant brain undergoes rapid synaptogenesis during the first two years of life. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) peaks between two and four months of infant age.
unintended	B2	istenmeyen / kasıtsız	The gene knockout produced unintended alterations in the expression of neighboring genes. Unintended side effects of the drug emerged only after long-term administration.
propose	B2	önermek / teklif etmek	We propose a novel mechanism for ATP synthesis independent of the proton gradient. The authors propose that the observed correlation indicates a causal relationship.
essential	B2	temel / zorunlu	Adequate sample size is essential for detecting small effect sizes in clinical trials. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that must be obtained from the diet.
assemble	B2	birleştirmek / toplamak	The research team will assemble the genome sequences into a complete reference. To assemble the centrifuge rotor, align the bucket pins with the drive hub.
illogical	B2	mantıksız	It is illogical to conclude causation from a simple bivariate correlation without controlling for confounders. The argument that absence of evidence constitutes evidence of absence is illogical.
consolidate	C1	pekiştirmek / birleştirmek	Sleep spindles help consolidate declarative memories into long-term storage. The two laboratories will consolidate their datasets to increase statistical power.
nocturnal	B2	gece aktif / gececil	The nocturnal rodent species exhibits peak locomotor activity during the dark phase. Nocturnal pollination is often mediated by moths and bats rather than bees.
novel	B2	yeni / özgün	The researchers identified a novel gene variant associated with drug resistance. A novel approach to water purification uses graphene oxide membranes.
appropriate	B2	uygun / yerinde	It is appropriate to use a Bonferroni correction when conducting multiple pairwise comparisons. Select the appropriate control group to match the treatment group on baseline variables.
expressive	B2	anlatımcı / ifade edici	The expressive phenotype of the mutation includes altered facial morphology. Language disorders may impair both receptive and expressive communication.
encounter	B2	karşılaşmak / rastlamak	The immune system may encounter the same pathogen again during secondary infection. During field work, researchers may encounter unforeseen environmental hazards.
breed	B2	yetiştirmek / üremek	The lab will breed the transgenic mice on a C57BL/6 background. Some amphibian species breed exclusively in ephemeral pools after heavy rainfall.
manipulate	B2	manipüle etmek / yönlendirmek	The experimenter can manipulate the independent variable by adjusting light intensity. Researchers must not manipulate raw data to achieve statistical significance.
split	B2	bölmek / ayırmak	The cell splits into two daughter cells during cytokinesis. The cohort was split into training and validation subsets at a 70:30 ratio.
obsess	C1	takıntılı olmak / zihnini kurcalamak	Some researchers obsess over minor methodological details while overlooking major design flaws. The clinician warned that patients may obsess about symptom monitoring to a pathological degree.
pathological	C1	patolojik / hastalıkla ilgili	The pathological accumulation of tau protein is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Pathological gambling is classified as an impulse control disorder in diagnostic manuals.
fixate	C1	sabitlemek / takılıp kalmak	The visual system will fixate on the target stimulus for approximately 200 milliseconds. Novice statisticians tend to fixate on p-values rather than effect sizes.
physician	B2	hekim / doktor	The attending physician ordered a complete blood count to rule out infection. A physician must obtain informed consent before enrolling a patient in a clinical trial.
perfect	B2	mükemmel / kusursuz	The optical system achieved perfect alignment after iterative calibration steps. No experimental design is perfect; every study has inherent limitations.
compel	B2	zorlamak / mecbur etmek	The evidence will compel the scientific community to reconsider the prevailing theory. Ethical guidelines do not compel a researcher to publish results that may cause harm.
sustain	B2	sürdürmek / desteklemek	The ecosystem cannot sustain indefinitely high rates of nutrient extraction. The battery can sustain a constant current of 2 amperes for three hours.
unrealistic	B2	gerçekçi olmayan	The model’s assumption of zero friction is unrealistic for most biological systems. It is unrealistic to expect a single biomarker to diagnose all subtypes of the disease.
lessen	B2	azaltmak	Early intervention may lessen the severity of cognitive decline in at-risk individuals. Adding a surfactant will lessen the surface tension of the aqueous solution.
cluster	B2	küme / kümelenmek	The cases formed a spatial cluster near the contaminated water source. Genes with similar expression profiles tend to cluster together in heatmap analysis.
coastal	B2	kıyı / sahil	Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves provide critical nursery habitats for fish. The coastal monitoring station recorded a sea level rise of 3.2 millimeters per year.
prey	B2	av / avlamak	The owl detects prey using asymmetric ear placement for sound localization. In the classic predator-prey model, population cycles emerge from coupled differential equations.
warlike	C1	savaşçıl / savaş sever	The warlike inscriptions on the stele describe territorial conquests and tribute collection. Anthropologists debate whether any human society is inherently warlike or whether conflict is situational.
nomadic	B2	göçebe	The nomadic pastoralist herders follow seasonal rainfall patterns to access grazing land. Nomadic hunter-gatherer groups typically have low population densities and flexible social structures.
disperse	B2	dağılmak / yayılmak	The aerosol particles will disperse rapidly in turbulent atmospheric conditions. After pollination, the dandelion seeds disperse via wind-assisted pappus structures.
ambush	C1	pusu / pusu kurmak	The predator will ambush its prey from concealed vegetation rather than chasing over long distances. The military unit employed an ambush tactic using the natural topography for cover.
tactic	B2	taktik	The escape tactic of the squid involves jet propulsion and ink release. A common tactic to reduce confounding is to randomize subject assignment to treatment groups.
undoubted	B2	şüphesiz / kuşkusuz	The study has undoubted strengths, including a large sample size and longitudinal design. Her expertise in electron microscopy is of undoubted value to the collaborative project.
assure	B2	garanti etmek / güvence vermek	The protocol is designed to assure sterility of the culture medium. The manufacturer must assure that each batch of reagents meets purity specifications.
recede	C1	geri çekilmek / azalmak	The gum tissue will recede gradually in patients with chronic periodontitis. As the floodwaters recede, sediment deposits become visible on the floodplain.
dyslexia	B2	disleksi	Dyslexia is characterized by difficulty with accurate and fluent word recognition despite normal intelligence. Neuroimaging studies reveal altered activation patterns in the left temporoparietal cortex of individuals with dyslexia.
alienate	C1	uzaklaştırmak / yabancılaştırmak	Jargon-heavy writing may alienate readers from non-specialist backgrounds. The authoritarian lab culture risked alienateing junior researchers and reducing retention.
manifest	C1	belirgin hale gelmek / ortaya çıkmak	The disease may manifest initially as mild fatigue before progressing to more severe symptoms. Genetic mutations manifest as phenotypic changes only when expressed in appropriate cellular contexts.
discriminate	B2	ayırt etmek / ayrım yapmak	The visual system can discriminate between wavelengths differing by as little as 2 nanometers. Statistical tests cannot discriminate causation from correlation without experimental manipulation.
controversy	B2	tartışma / ihtilaf	There is considerable controversy surrounding the use of p=0.05 as a rigid significance threshold. The controversy over publication bias has led to calls for registered reports.
neglect	B2	ihmal etmek	To neglect the reporting of adverse events is a violation of research ethics. The study neglected to account for seasonal variation in air pollution levels.
radiation	B2	radyasyon	Ionizing radiation causes DNA double-strand breaks that can lead to mutagenesis. Solar radiation drives photochemical reactions in the upper atmosphere.
rough	B2	pürüzlü / kaba / zor	The rough surface topography increases the effective surface area for catalysis. The manuscript is a rough draft and requires substantial editing before submission.
evaporate	B2	buharlaşmak	The solvent will evaporate completely under reduced pressure at room temperature. Water molecules evaporate from leaf surfaces during transpiration.
dense	B2	yoğun	The dense canopy cover reduces light availability for understory vegetation. The alloy has a dense, close-packed crystal structure that impedes dislocation motion.
evident	B2	açık / belirgin	It was evident from the dose-response curve that the compound has an IC50 of 2 micromolar. A publication bias became evident when the funnel plot showed asymmetry.
arbitrary	C1	keyfi / rastgele	The choice of 0.05 as the significance level is historically arbitrary rather than mathematically derived. The clustering algorithm requires the user to specify an arbitrary number of initial centroids.
construct	B2	inşa etmek / oluşturmak	The researcher will construct a plasmid containing the gene of interest under an inducible promoter. The theoretical framework was constructed from first principles using axiomatic reasoning.
mediocre	B2	vasat / orta kalitede	The impact factor of the journal was mediocre, leading the team to submit elsewhere. A mediocre signal-to-noise ratio compromised the interpretability of the imaging data.
uncover	B2	ortaya çıkarmak / keşfetmek	The excavation helped uncover fossilized remains of a previously unknown hominid species. Further analysis may uncover hidden correlations not apparent in the aggregate data.
sight	B2	görme / görüş	The sight of the specimen under the microscope revealed intricate cellular structures. Loss of sight in one eye impairs depth perception based on binocular disparity.
strict	B2	katı / sıkı	The institutional review board imposed strict criteria for informed consent documentation. A strict interpretation of the p-value threshold reduces false positives but increases false negatives.
drastic	C1	köklü / sert	A drastic reduction in sample temperature caused the material to undergo a phase transition. The intervention produced a drastic improvement in survival rate, from 10% to 75%.
ardent	C1	ateşli / tutkulu	The researcher was an ardent proponent of the RNA world hypothesis for the origin of life. Despite negative results, the team remained ardent in their commitment to open science practices.
gossip	B2	dedikodu	Academic gossip within informal networks can influence hiring decisions as much as formal evaluations. The spread of gossip in research communities may distort the perceived credibility of findings.
worthy	B2	değer / layık	The hypothesis was considered worthy of further investigation despite preliminary null results. A research question is worthy only if it can be answered empirically with available methods.
accord	C1	uyum / anlaşma	The findings are in accord with the predictions of the standard model. The two independent assays yielded results that accord closely, confirming reliability.
intuitive	C1	sezgisel	It is intuitive that increasing sample size reduces sampling error, but diminishing returns apply. The software provides an intuitive graphical interface for running statistical tests.
intake	B2	alım (besin, sıvı vb.)	Daily caloric intake was recorded using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Fluid intake restriction is part of the protocol for the oral glucose tolerance test.
shrink	B2	küçülmek / büzüşmek	The hydrogel will shrink to 30% of its original volume upon dehydration. Tumor volume began to shrink after the third cycle of chemotherapy.
glucose	B2	glikoz	Blood glucose concentration is tightly regulated by insulin and glucagon. The culture medium contains 25 mM glucose as the primary carbon source.
malicious	C1	kötü niyetli	Malicious code embedded in the analysis script corrupted the raw data files. The retraction was due to malicious manipulation of images by a single co-author.
racial	B2	ırksal	The study controlled for racial and ethnic demographic variables to avoid confounding. Racial disparities in healthcare access persist even after adjusting for socioeconomic status.
harmony	B2	uyum / ahenk	The symbiotic relationship exists in harmony when both host and microbiota benefit. The two analytical methods worked in harmony to resolve the chemical structure.
accessible	B2	erişilebilir	The raw data should be made accessible through a public repository. The microscope’s controls are accessible even when wearing thick gloves.
striking	B2	çarpıcı / dikkat çekici	A striking difference in mutation frequency was observed between the two populations. The most striking feature of the spectrum is an absorption peak at 450 nm.
fuse	C1	kaynaşmak / birleşmek	The two vesicles fuse to form a larger endosome following membrane merger. The researcher will fuse the data from multiple modalities into a single analytical framework.
dietary	B2	diyetle ilgili / besinsel	Dietary fiber intake is inversely associated with risk of colorectal cancer. The study examined the effects of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids.
humble	C1	mütevazı / alçakgönüllü	The researcher maintained a humble attitude even after the landmark discovery. The study’s conclusions are appropriately humble given the limited sample size.
charitable	B2	hayırsever / yardımsever	The charitable foundation provided seed funding for the pilot study on neglected tropical diseases. It is charitable to assume that the error resulted from oversight rather than misconduct.
tyrannical	C1	zalim / despot	The tyrannical lab head suppressed dissenting interpretations of the data. Historical accounts describe the tyrannical regime’s suppression of scientific inquiry.
condemn	B2	kınamak	The scientific community was quick to condemn the fraudulent publication. The editorial will condemn the practice of p-hacking and selective reporting.
convince	B2	ikna etmek	The robust effect size was sufficient to convince even skeptical reviewers. The authors attempted to convince readers of causality using a Mendelian randomization approach.
overwhelm	B2	bunaltmak / alt etmek	The sheer volume of sequencing data threatened to overwhelm the storage capacity. The immune system may be overwhelmed by a high inoculum dose of the pathogen.
additive	C1	katkı maddesi / toplamsal	The two drugs had an additive effect rather than synergistic or antagonistic. Sodium benzoate is a common food additive with antimicrobial properties.
manufacture	B2	üretmek / imal etmek	The facility will manufacture the nanoparticles using a bottom-up chemical assembly method. The body cannot manufacture essential fatty acids and must obtain them from diet.
solder	C1	lehim / lehimlemek	The technician will solder the electrical connections to ensure stable signal transmission. A cold solder joint can introduce intermittent resistance and noise into the circuit.
excrete	C1	boşaltmak / dışkılamak	The kidneys excrete metabolic waste products such as urea and creatinine. The sweat glands excrete sodium chloride as part of thermoregulation.
efficient	B2	verimli	The new chromatography method is more efficient, reducing run time by 40%. Efficient energy transfer in the photosynthetic complex approaches 95% quantum yield.
meditate	C1	meditasyon yapmak	Subjects were instructed to meditate for 20 minutes daily during the eight-week intervention. The participant continued to meditate while fMRI data were acquired.
resilient	C1	dayanıklı / esnek	The desert shrub is highly resilient to prolonged drought conditions. The neural network remained resilient to noise after dropout training was applied.
halt	B2	durdurmak	The safety officer ordered the team to halt the experiment immediately. The reaction will halt when the limiting reagent is fully consumed.
drain	B2	boşaltmak / kurutmak	The technician will drain the water bath before cleaning the apparatus. Chronic inflammation can drain the patient’s energy reserves and reduce quality of life.
sanitary	B2	hijyenik / sıhhi	Sanitary conditions in the laboratory are essential to prevent culture contamination. The waste disposal protocol meets sanitary standards set by the environmental agency.
methane	B2	metan	Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 28 times that of carbon dioxide. Anaerobic decomposition of organic matter produces methane as an end product.
decompose	B2	ayrışmak / çürümek	The organic polymer will decompose into monomeric units under acidic conditions. Plant litter decomposes at a rate determined by temperature, moisture, and lignin content.
uniform	B2	tekdüze / üniforma	The nanoparticles exhibited a uniform size distribution with a polydispersity index below 0.1. The magnetic field was uniform across the entire sample volume.
routine	B2	rutin	Calibration of the pH meter is a routine procedure performed before each use. The assay has become routine in diagnostic laboratories for rapid pathogen detection.
dispose	B2	bertaraf etmek / atmak	The lab must dispose of hazardous chemical waste in accordance with safety regulations. The researcher will dispose of the contaminated cultures after autoclaving.
prone	C1	eğilimli / yatkın	The knockout mouse strain is more prone to develop spontaneous tumors than wild-type. Glass cuvettes are prone to scratching, which can scatter incident light.
ongoing	B2	devam eden / süren	There is an ongoing debate regarding the reproducibility of the original findings. The longitudinal study is ongoing, with follow-up assessments scheduled annually.
mummy	B2	mumya	The CT scan of the Egyptian mummy revealed preserved internal organs without sarcophagus removal. Researchers extracted ancient DNA from dental pulp of a 3000-year-old mummy.
accomplish	B2	başarmak / gerçekleştirmek	The team aimed to accomplish single-molecule resolution using super-resolution microscopy. What the study accomplished was to rule out the most likely confounding variable.
indispensable	C1	vazgeçilmez	The centrifuge is indispensable for separating cellular components by density. Peer review is an indispensable but imperfect mechanism for quality control.
preoccupy	C1	meşgul etmek / zihnini kurcalamak	Methodological concerns continue to preoccupy the research community studying this phenomenon. The high false discovery rate should preoccupy any researcher conducting exploratory analyses.
perspective	B2	bakış açısı	From an evolutionary perspective, the trait likely conferred a survival advantage. The review article offers a historical perspective on the development of the theory.
trait	B2	özellik / karakteristik	Heritable traits such as beak depth are subject to natural selection. The behavioral trait of risk aversion was measured using a standardized gambling task.
outlook	B2	görünüm / bakış	The long-term outlook for the species remains uncertain due to habitat fragmentation. The outlook for personalized medicine depends on advances in genomic sequencing technology.
overlook	B2	gözden kaçırmak / göz ardı etmek	The initial analysis overlooked a critical interaction between the two independent variables. Do not overlook the importance of proper documentation for reproducibility.
deposit	B2	biriktirmek / tortu	The mineral deposits formed over millions of years of hydrothermal activity. The cells will deposit extracellular matrix proteins onto the culture substrate.
recur	C1	tekrarlamak / nüksetmek	The same experimental artifact recurred across three independent trials. Symptoms tend to recur within six months if the maintenance dose is discontinued.
protective	B2	koruyucu	The protective effect of the vaccine wanes after approximately five years. Wearing a protective face shield reduces the risk of splash exposure to biohazards.
transform	B2	dönüştürmek	The enzyme will transform the substrate into a fluorescent product. The researcher will transform the raw counts into log-transformed values for normalization.
contract	B2	sözleşme / kasılmak	The muscle fibers contract in response to calcium ion release. The research contract specified that all data would be shared upon publication.
inflate	B2	şişirmek	The balloon will inflate as gas pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure. The authors did not intend to inflate the effect size; the confidence intervals are appropriately wide.
revive	C1	canlandırmak / diriltmek	The research team attempted to revive interest in the neglected hypothesis with new experimental evidence. Cryopreserved cells can be thawed and revived within 24 hours.
inflow	C1	giriş / akış	The inflow of fresh water into the estuary creates a salinity gradient. Capital inflow to biotechnology startups increased sharply after the successful phase III trial.
priority	B2	öncelik	Establishing the safety profile of the compound is the highest priority. The funding agency gave priority to proposals addressing antimicrobial resistance.
entangle	C1	dolaştırmak / karıştırmak	Quantum mechanics predicts that two particles can become entangled such that measuring one instantly affects the other. The researcher took care not to entangle causal inference with mere correlation.
infrastructure	B2	altyapı	The university invested in computational infrastructure to support large-scale simulations. Upgrading the laboratory infrastructure included installing a redundant power supply.
revise	B2	gözden geçirmek / düzeltmek	The authors will revise the manuscript in response to the reviewers’ comments. The team had to revise the experimental protocol after the pilot study revealed unforeseen issues.
cornerstone	C1	temel taşı / köşe taşı	The double-blind randomized controlled trial is a cornerstone of evidence-based medicine. Natural selection remains the cornerstone of modern evolutionary biology.
crucial	B2	çok önemli / kritik	It is crucial to randomize subject assignment to avoid selection bias. The wash step is crucial for removing unbound antibody and reducing background signal.
prominent	B2	belirgin / tanınmış	The prominent peak in the chromatogram corresponded to the target analyte. She is a prominent figure in the field of computational neuroscience.
contemporary	B2	çağdaş / güncel	Contemporary theories of consciousness integrate neural, computational, and philosophical perspectives. The findings were consistent with contemporary estimates of sea level rise.
recast	C1	yeniden şekillendirmek / farklı biçimde sunmak	The authors recast the original model to incorporate non-linear dynamics. The theory was recast as a set of probabilistic rather than deterministic relationships.
revolution	B2	devrim	The CRISPR-Cas9 system sparked a revolution in genetic engineering. The digital revolution transformed how scientific data are collected and shared.
evolve	B2	evrimleşmek / gelişmek	Bacterial populations evolve resistance to antibiotics through natural selection. The research methodology evolved over time from simple observation to complex instrumentation.
obsolete	C1	kullanım dışı / eskimiş	The manual counting method became obsolete after the introduction of automated flow cytometry. Many statistical software packages render older algorithms obsolete due to improved accuracy.
marine	B2	deniz / denizel	Marine microorganisms produce half of the Earth’s oxygen through photosynthesis. The marine sediment core provided a 10,000-year record of temperature variation.
alkaline	B2	alkali / bazik	The reaction proceeds optimally at alkaline pH between 8.0 and 9.0. Alkaline phosphatase removes phosphate groups from DNA fragments.
rebound	C1	geri tepmek / toparlanmak	The population size will rebound after the removal of the predator. The stock market showed a sharp rebound following the release of positive trial results.
concentrate	B2	yoğunlaştırmak / konsantre olmak	The technician will concentrate the protein solution using centrifugal filtration. The subject was asked to concentrate on a fixation cross during the scanning session.
auditory	B2	işitsel	The auditory cortex processes sound frequency and temporal information. An auditory stimulus of 4000 Hz was presented to the left ear.
temporary	B2	geçici	The temporary loss of power disrupted the overnight experiment. The effect of the drug was temporary, lasting only four hours after administration.
intact	B2	sağlam / bozulmamış	The double helix structure remained intact even after heating to 65°C. The ancient DNA was remarkably intact, allowing full genome sequencing.
contaminate	B2	kirletmek / bulaştırmak	The water sample was contaminated with fecal coliforms from agricultural runoff. Do not contaminate the sterile pipette tips by touching the lower end.
borne	C1	taşınan / maruz kalınan	Airborne pathogens are borne on respiratory droplets over short distances. The cost of the equipment failure was borne by the departmental budget.
aquatic	B2	su / suda yaşayan	Aquatic organisms face challenges of gas exchange and buoyancy control. The aquatic ecosystem showed reduced biodiversity after thermal pollution.
direct	B2	doğrudan / yönlendirmek	There is a direct correlation between temperature and reaction rate. The principal investigator will direct the daily operations of the laboratory.
depress	B2	bastırmak / düşürmek	The drug may depress respiratory drive at high doses. Economic factors can depress funding for basic science research.
pristine	C1	el değmemiş / bozulmamış	The pristine control samples showed no signs of degradation. The forest remained in a pristine state before the logging operation began.
accumulate	B2	birikmek	Heavy metals accumulate in the tissues of filter-feeding organisms. Errors may accumulate during multiple freeze-thaw cycles of the sample.
vigilant	C1	tetikte / uyanık	The technician remained vigilant for any signs of equipment malfunction. Researchers must be vigilant against confirmation bias when interpreting results.
adverse	B2	olumsuz / zararlı	No adverse events were reported during the phase I trial. The chemical had no adverse effect on cell viability up to 100 micromolar.
hazard	B2	tehlike / risk	Chemical hazard symbols must be clearly displayed on all reagent containers. The main hazard of working with UV light is damage to the cornea.
confine	B2	sınırlamak / hapsetmek	The researcher will confine the analysis to subjects who completed all follow-up visits. Confine the hazardous material to the designated fume hood at all times.
overboard	B2	gemiden dışarı / aşırı	The team threw the damaged equipment overboard during the oceanographic cruise. The reviewer’s criticism was overboard and not supported by the data.
humanity	B2	insanlık	The discovery of penicillin saved countless lives and benefited humanity. Climate change poses an existential threat to humanity.
vanish	B2	yok olmak / gözden kaybolmak	The signal will vanish completely when the laser is turned off. The species may vanish from the wild within two decades without intervention.
reproduce	B2	üremek / kopyalamak	The cells reproduce by binary fission every 30 minutes under optimal conditions. The independent laboratory attempted to reproduce the findings but was unsuccessful.
devastate	C1	harap etmek / yıkmak	The oil spill devastated the intertidal invertebrate communities. A single hurricane can devastate long-term ecological monitoring sites.
mitigate	C1	hafifletmek / azaltmak	The buffer solution helps mitigate pH fluctuations during the reaction. Early warning systems can mitigate the impact of natural disasters on human populations.
breakwater	C1	dalgakıran	The breakwater reduces wave energy reaching the harbor entrance. Researchers studied the ecological community that colonized the artificial breakwater structure.
migrate	B2	göç etmek	The whales migrate from feeding grounds in polar regions to breeding grounds in the tropics. The cells migrate toward the chemotactic gradient in a directed manner.
demise	C1	son / ölüm	The demise of the local population was attributed to habitat loss and overhunting. The retraction marked the demise of the high-profile study’s conclusions.
oyster	B2	istiridye	The oyster filters up to 50 gallons of water per day through its gills. Oyster reefs provide critical three-dimensional habitat for estuarine fish.
withstand	C1	dayanmak	The structural material must withstand temperatures exceeding 1000°C. Some extremophile bacteria can withstand doses of radiation lethal to humans.
nausea	B2	mide bulantısı	Postoperative nausea is a common side effect of general anesthesia. The subject reported mild nausea after administration of the contrast agent.
vomit	B2	kusmak	The patient continued to vomit despite antiemetic medication. The toxicology report indicated that the vomit sample contained undigested pill fragments.
acknowledge	B2	kabul etmek / farkında olmak	The authors acknowledge the limitations of their small sample size. The scientific community now acknowledges that the earlier consensus was mistaken.
carnivore	B2	etobur	The carnivore has specialized dentition including elongated canines for tearing flesh. The domestic cat is an obligate carnivore requiring taurine in its diet.
primate	B2	primat	The primate brain has a disproportionately large neocortex compared to other mammals. Field studies of non-human primates provide insights into social behavior evolution.
apparent	B2	belirgin / görünen	The effect became apparent only after 48 hours of exposure. No apparent difference in survival was detected between the treatment and control groups.
nymph	C1	nimf (böcek yavrusu)	The dragonfly nymph is aquatic and breathes through gills before metamorphosis. The tick nymph stage is primarily responsible for transmitting Lyme disease to humans.
interpersonal	B2	kişilerarası	Interpersonal conflicts within the research team can reduce productivity and data quality. The study measured interpersonal trust using a validated survey instrument.
turbulence	B2	türbülans	Turbulence in the fluid flow increases mixing and heat transfer rates. The aircraft encountered severe turbulence during the atmospheric sampling mission.
hostile	B2	düşmanca / elverişsiz	The extremophiles thrive in hostile environments such as hydrothermal vents. The reviewer was hostile to the manuscript but provided no constructive criticism.
implement	B2	uygulamak / gerçekleştirmek	The laboratory will implement a new quality control system next quarter. To implement the algorithm efficiently, use vectorized operations rather than loops.
inflict	C1	vermek / acı çektirmek	The parasite can inflict significant tissue damage on the host organism. The experimental manipulation did not inflict pain beyond that of a standard injection.
systematic	B2	sistematik	A systematic review of the literature identified 47 relevant studies. The error was not random but systematic, affecting all measurements equally.
alike	B2	benzer şekilde / hem… hem de	The new method works for novice and expert users alike. Both experimental and control groups were treated alike except for the intervention.
subject	B2	konu / denek / maruz bırakmak	Each human subject provided written informed consent before enrollment. The material was subject to thermal degradation above 200°C.
insight	B2	içgörü / derin anlayış	The imaging technique provided new insight into synaptic vesicle dynamics. A key insight from the study is that correlation does not equal causation.
inadvertent	C1	kasıtsız / farkında olmadan	An inadvertent pipetting error introduced contamination into the control wells. The inadvertent deletion of the log file prevented reconstruction of the analysis steps.
hamper	C1	engellemek / zorlaştırmak	The lack of standardized protocols hampers cross-laboratory comparisons. The accumulation of dust can hamper the performance of optical components.
verbal	B2	sözlü	The assistant provided verbal instructions for the emergency shutdown procedure. Verbal fluency declines in certain types of aphasia following left hemisphere stroke.
appeal	B2	çekicilik / başvurmak	The hypothesis has intuitive appeal but lacks empirical support. The authors will appeal the editorial decision to reject their manuscript.
concern	B2	endişe / ilgilendirmek	A major concern is the potential for unmeasured confounding in the observational study. The safety issues concern all personnel working with volatile solvents.
undue	C1	aşırı / haksız	The funding source exerted undue influence over the study design and reporting. The reviewers placed undue weight on a single non-significant p-value.
censor	C1	sansürlemek	The journal refused to censor the authors’ criticism of the prevailing theory. Government agencies may attempt to censor research findings that conflict with policy.
glance	B2	göz atmak / bakış	A quick glance at the chromatogram revealed the presence of a contaminant peak. The abstract is sufficient to glance at the main findings without reading the full text.
forth	B2	ileri / dışarı	The technician went back and forth between the bench and the computer. The proposal set forth a detailed plan for data sharing and reproducibility.
retail	B2	perakende	The reagent is available at retail through major scientific suppliers. Retail prices for laboratory consumables increased by 15% this year.
immense	B2	devasa / çok büyük	The project required an immense computational effort involving 10,000 CPU core-hours. The therapeutic potential of the molecule is immense, but safety concerns remain.
fraud	C1	sahtekarlık / dolandırıcılık	The investigation confirmed data fraud including fabricated Western blot images. Fraud in scientific publishing erodes public trust and wastes research resources.
cosmic	B2	kozmik	The cosmic microwave background radiation is a relic of the early universe. Cosmic rays can cause single-event upsets in electronic instrumentation.
synchronous	C1	eşzamanlı / senkron	The firing of the neurons was synchronous within a 5 millisecond window. The satellite rotates at a synchronous rate, keeping the same face toward Earth.
lunar	B2	ay / aya ait	The lunar cycle influences the timing of spawning in some marine invertebrates. Lunar gravity is approximately one-sixth of Earth’s gravity.
connect	B2	bağlamak	The researcher will connect the electrodes to the amplifier for signal recording. The two phenomena may be connected by an as-yet-unknown mechanism.
virtual	B2	sanal	The virtual reality environment simulated a natural habitat for behavioral testing. A virtual model of the protein allowed in silico docking studies.
explore	B2	keşfetmek / araştırmak	The study aims to explore the relationship between sleep duration and metabolic health. The rover will explore the Martian surface for signs of past water activity.
applaud	B2	alkışlamak / takdir etmek	The scientific community widely applauded the decision to mandate open access for publicly funded research. We applaud the authors for publishing their null results.
pleasure	B2	zevk / memnuniyet	It is a pleasure to collaborate with a team that prioritizes rigorous methodology. The sensation of pleasure is mediated by the mesolimbic dopamine pathway.
secrete	C1	salgılamak	The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. The endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
bilingual	B2	iki dilli	Bilingual individuals often show enhanced executive function compared to monolinguals. The study recruited bilingual participants fluent in both English and Spanish.
intrinsic	C1	içsel / öz	The intrinsic fluorescence of the protein arises from tryptophan residues. The compound has no intrinsic antibacterial activity but becomes active after metabolism.
separate	B2	ayırmak / ayrı	The centrifuge will separate plasma from whole blood by density. The two analytes elute as separate peaks under the optimized gradient.
gravity	B2	yerçekimi	The acceleration due to gravity varies slightly with latitude and altitude. The gravity of the ethical violation warranted retraction of the paper.
relative	B2	göreceli / akraba	The relative expression of the gene was normalized to a housekeeping control. The patient’s relative provided consent because the patient was incapacitated.
fabric	B2	kumaş / yapı	The extracellular matrix fabric provides structural support to tissues. The fabric of scientific knowledge is woven from replicated findings.
propagate	C1	yaymak / çoğaltmak	The action potential will propagate along the axon without decrement. The virus can propagate through direct cell-to-cell contact.
fraction	B2	kesir / bölüm	Only a small fraction of screened compounds proceed to clinical trials. The membrane-bound fraction was separated from the cytosol by ultracentrifugation.
innate	C1	doğuştan / içgüdüsel	The innate immune system provides an immediate but non-specific response to pathogens. The chick’s ability to peck shortly after hatching is innate rather than learned.
assert	C1	iddia etmek / belirtmek	The authors assert that their method is superior to previous approaches. The reviewer asserted that the conclusion does not follow from the presented data.
incline	C1	eğim / eğilimli olmak	The incline of the microscope stage was adjusted to 15 degrees for optimal imaging. The data incline the researcher to reject the null hypothesis.
estimate	B2	tahmin etmek / tahmin	The researchers will estimate the population mean using a 95% confidence interval. A point estimate alone does not convey the uncertainty inherent in the measurement.
reversible	C1	tersinir / geri döndürülebilir	The chemical reaction is fully reversible under controlled temperature and pressure. Damage to the peripheral nerves may be reversible if the toxic exposure is removed early.
superfluous	C1	gereksiz / fazlalık	The inclusion of a third control group was deemed superfluous and increased experimental costs. Many of the variables in the initial model were superfluous and were removed by stepwise selection.
circular	B2	dairesel	The specimens were placed on circular coverslips of 12 mm diameter. The argument was circular because it used the conclusion to justify one of the premises.
soluble	B2	çözünür	The compound is highly soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide but poorly soluble in water. Soluble proteins are released into the supernatant after cell lysis and centrifugation.
suppress	B2	bastırmak / baskılamak	The drug will suppress the immune response to prevent transplant rejection. The transcription factor acts to suppress the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
bureaucracy	C1	bürokrasi	Excessive bureaucracy delayed the approval of the research protocol by several months. The funding agency reduced bureaucracy by streamlining the grant application process.
eclipse	C1	gölgede bırakmak / tutulma	The new discovery eclipsed the previous paradigm in the field. A solar eclipse provided a rare opportunity to study the solar corona.
generate	B2	üretmek / oluşturmak	The photovoltaic cell will generate an electric current when exposed to light. The simulation can generate synthetic data with known ground truth parameters.
transformer	B2	transformatör	The transformer steps down the voltage from 220V to 12V for the laboratory instrument. A transformer consists of two inductively coupled coils wound around a common core.
miniature	B2	minyatür / küçük	The team developed a miniature sensor no larger than a grain of rice. A miniature version of the device was used for in vivo implantation studies.
medieval	B2	ortaçağ	Medieval scholars preserved ancient Greek and Roman texts through handwritten manuscripts. The medieval warming period was associated with expanded agriculture in Northern Europe.
onward	B2	…dan itibaren / ileriye	From the 20th century onward, the pace of technological innovation accelerated dramatically. The data from week 10 onward showed a consistent decline in the measured parameter.
correspond	B2	karşılık gelmek / uyuşmak	The observed value does not correspond to any predicted outcome of the model. Each peak in the chromatogram corresponds to a distinct chemical species.
regulate	B2	düzenlemek / kontrol etmek	The thermostat regulates the incubator temperature within ±0.5°C. The hormone insulin regulates blood glucose concentration by promoting cellular uptake.
antioxidant	B2	antioksidan	Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant by scavenging free radicals in aqueous cellular compartments. The study measured the antioxidant capacity of various berry extracts using the FRAP assay.
behalf	B2	adına / namına	The principal investigator signed the consent form on behalf of the research team. The assistant submitted the manuscript on behalf of the corresponding author.
accelerate	B2	hızlandırmak	The catalyst will accelerate the reaction rate without being consumed in the process. Climate change may accelerate the loss of biodiversity in sensitive ecosystems.
proximity	C1	yakınlık	The proximity of the two genes on the chromosome suggests they may be co-regulated. Cells in close proximity communicate via paracrine signaling molecules.
reflect	B2	yansıtmak / göstermek	The mirror will reflect the laser beam at an angle equal to the incident angle. The results reflect a genuine biological phenomenon rather than experimental artifact.
afterworld	C1	öteki dünya / ahiret	Many ancient cultures developed elaborate beliefs about the afterworld based on funerary texts. The concept of the afterworld influenced burial practices and tomb construction.
pound	B2	pound (birim) / vurmak	The sample weighed exactly 2.2 pounds, equivalent to 1 kilogram. The researcher will pound the solid material into a fine powder using a mortar and pestle.
pulse	B2	nabız / darbe	The patient’s resting pulse was recorded at 72 beats per minute. A short electrical pulse of 10 milliseconds was applied to stimulate the nerve.
primitive	B2	ilkel	The primitive nervous system of cnidarians consists of a diffuse nerve net. Early hominids used primitive stone tools for butchering and plant processing.
deficient	C1	eksik / yetersiz	The mutant strain is deficient in the enzyme required for leucine biosynthesis. A diet deficient in vitamin D leads to impaired calcium absorption and bone demineralization.
vital	B2	hayati / yaşamsal	Adequate blood flow is vital for delivering oxygen to metabolically active tissues. The paramedics supported vital functions until the patient arrived at the emergency department.
commute	B2	işe gidip gelmek / hafifletmek	The researcher commutes 45 minutes each way to the university laboratory. The judge agreed to commute the prison sentence to community service.
perilous	C1	tehlikeli	The expedition through the Arctic sea ice was perilous due to shifting floes and extreme cold. Conducting fieldwork in a conflict zone is perilous and requires additional safety protocols.
tempt	B2	cezbetmek / ayartmak	The ease of p-hacking may tempt researchers to engage in questionable research practices. The preliminary positive result tempted the team to stop the trial early.
shipwreck	B2	gemi enkazı	The shipwreck yielded amphorae and other artifacts dated to the 3rd century BCE. Marine organisms rapidly colonize shipwreck structures, creating artificial reefs.
habitat	B2	yaşam alanı / habitat	Loss of habitat due to deforestation is the primary threat to the species. The habitat preference of the frog includes slow-moving streams with dense riparian vegetation.
shallow	B2	sığ	The shallow depth of the water allowed benthic algae to receive sufficient sunlight. A shallow temperature gradient was maintained across the thermal cycler block.
leap	B2	sıçramak / atlamak	The frog can leap a distance of 50 times its body length. A significant leap in understanding occurred with the introduction of the new imaging technique.
pervasive	C1	yaygın / her yerde hazır	The bias toward publishing positive results is pervasive across scientific disciplines. Microplastics are now pervasive in marine environments, from surface waters to deep-sea sediments.
magnificent	B2	muhteşem	The magnificent resolution of the electron microscope revealed subcellular details previously unseen. The team produced a magnificent data set with exceptional completeness and low noise.
eternal	C1	sonsuz / ebedi	The laws of thermodynamics suggest that no physical system can have eternal existence without energy input. The concept of eternal life is a theme in mythology rather than a scientific hypothesis.
platypus	C1	ornitorenk	The platypus is a monotreme that lays eggs but also produces milk for its young. The platypus genome contains a remarkable mixture of reptilian, avian, and mammalian features.
former	B2	önceki / eski	The former hypothesis was abandoned after contradictory evidence emerged. The former version of the protocol did not include a washing step.
conserve	B2	korumak / muhafaza etmek	The buffer is designed to conserve the native structure of the protein during purification. To conserve energy, the equipment automatically enters standby mode after 30 minutes of inactivity.
comeback	C1	geri dönüş / yeniden popüler olma	The discredited theory made an unexpected comeback after new supporting data were published. The species has staged a remarkable comeback following the ban on the pesticide.
irrigate	B2	sulamak	The solution was used to irrigate the surgical site and remove debris. Farmers irrigate crops with water drawn from the aquifer, leading to gradual depletion.
downstream	B2	akış aşağı / sonraki aşama	Downstream processing of the bioreactor effluent includes filtration and chromatography. The mutation affects events downstream of receptor activation, including second messenger signaling.
significant	B2	anlamlı / önemli	The difference between groups was statistically significant with a p-value less than 0.01. The study made a significant contribution to understanding the disease mechanism.
decorative	B2	dekoratif / süsleyici	The decorative elements of the instrument housing have no effect on its analytical performance. The decorative coating was applied primarily for aesthetic reasons rather than protection.
tribal	B2	kabilesel	The tribal governance structure influenced resource allocation and conflict resolution. Anthropologists documented the tribal language, which is now considered endangered.
baggy	B2	bol (giysi)	The baggy fitting of the protective suit allowed free movement but posed a snag hazard. Baggy clothing should be avoided when working with rotating equipment to prevent entanglement.
amphibian	B2	amfibi / kurbağa	The amphibian undergoes metamorphosis from an aquatic larva to a terrestrial adult. Declining amphibian populations worldwide have been linked to the chytrid fungus.
curious	B2	meraklı / ilginç	The researcher had a curious mind and always questioned established assumptions. A curious finding was that the effect disappeared when the experiment was repeated at a different site.
remote	B2	uzak / ırak	The field station is located in a remote area with no internet access. The remote possibility of contamination cannot be completely ruled out.
intoxicate	C1	sarhoş etmek	Ethanol can intoxicate experimental animals, impairing motor coordination and judgment. The venom of the pufferfish contains tetrodotoxin, which does not intoxicate but rather paralyzes.
scent	B2	koku	The dog was able to detect the scent of the target compound at parts-per-trillion concentration. The flowers emit a strong scent to attract nocturnal pollinators.
bloom	B2	çiçek açmak / patlama yapmak	The algae bloom rapidly in response to excess nutrient input. The culture reached a bloom of cell density corresponding to 10^7 cells per milliliter.
luxuriant	C1	gür / bol	The luxuriant growth of the plant was attributed to high nitrogen levels in the soil. The rainforest floor supports luxuriant fungal diversity despite low light levels.
surround	B2	çevrelemek	The nucleus is surrounded by a double lipid bilayer called the nuclear envelope. The surrounding matrix provides mechanical support to the embedded cells.
nestle	C1	yerleşmek / gömülmek	The mitochondria nestle between the myofibrils in cardiac muscle cells. The small town nestles in a valley protected from prevailing winds.
stunning	C1	hayran bırakan / çarpıcı	The microscope produced stunning images of the neuronal dendritic arbor. The stunning implication of the result is that the current model is incomplete.
fascinate	B2	büyülemek / hayran bırakmak	The complexity of the circadian clock continues to fascinate chronobiologists. The audience was fascinated by the demonstration of quantum levitation.
amalgam	C1	amalgam / karışım	The alloy is an amalgam of silver, tin, and copper used in dental restorations. The theory is an amalgam of ideas from physics, chemistry, and biology.
restore	B2	eski haline getirmek / onarmak	The buffer will restore the pH to 7.4 after the addition of acid. The surgical procedure aims to restore blood flow to the occluded coronary artery.
impede	C1	engellemek / geciktirmek	The viscous gel will impede the diffusion of oxygen to the underlying cells. Ethical restrictions should not impede but rather guide responsible research.
establish	B2	kurmak / tespit etmek	The study aimed to establish a causal relationship between the exposure and the outcome. The researcher established a new protocol for cryopreserving primary neurons.
apprentice	B2	çırak	The apprentice technician learned to operate the mass spectrometer under supervision. An apprentice in the laboratory is expected to maintain a detailed lab notebook.
transition	B2	geçiş	The transition from liquid to gas occurs at the boiling point under constant pressure. The patient experienced a smooth transition from inpatient to outpatient care.
form	B2	biçim / oluşturmak	The protein adopts a helical form in the membrane-bound state. The researcher will form the pellets by centrifugation at 3000g for 10 minutes.
dental	B2	diş / dişçilik	Dental caries result from acid production by bacteria fermenting dietary sugars. The dental enamel is the hardest substance in the human body.
principal	B2	ana / temel / müdür	The principal advantage of the method is its high throughput. The principal investigator has ultimate responsibility for the conduct of the research.
harass	B2	taciz etmek / rahatsız etmek	The field researcher was careful not to harass the nesting birds during observation. Institutional policies prohibit any form of harassment in the workplace.
recreation	B2	rekreasyon / dinlenme	The park provides recreation opportunities including hiking and birdwatching. The survey measured time spent on recreation and leisure activities.
vegetation	B2	bitki örtüsü	The dense vegetation along the riverbank provided shade and habitat for invertebrates. Changes in vegetation cover were monitored using satellite-derived NDVI.
impact	B2	etki / çarpma	The impact of the intervention was measured using a pre-post design. The meteorite impact created a crater 20 kilometers in diameter.
sheer	C1	salt / saf / dik	The sheer volume of data required automated processing pipelines. The sheer cliff face prevented access to the fossil-bearing layer.
landscape	B2	manzara / peyzaj	The genetic landscape of the tumor was mapped using whole-exome sequencing. The landscape of scientific publishing has changed dramatically with the rise of preprint servers.
paradigm	C1	paradigma / örnek model	The discovery of DNA structure shifted the paradigm in molecular biology. A new paradigm for drug discovery involves targeting protein-protein interactions.
flora	B2	flora (bitki örtüsü)	The intestinal flora comprises trillions of commensal bacteria. The flora of the region includes over 2000 vascular plant species.
irresponsible	B2	sorumsuz	It is irresponsible to publish findings without disclosing potential conflicts of interest. The decision to omit the negative controls was scientifically irresponsible.
exaggerate	B2	abartmak	The authors did not exaggerate the effect size; the confidence intervals are narrow and clinically meaningful. Media reports tend to exaggerate the significance of preliminary findings.
latter	B2	ikincisi / sonraki	The latter part of the experiment involved behavioral testing following the intervention. Between the two methods, the latter is more reproducible but less sensitive.
arithmetic	B2	aritmetik	Basic arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. The arithmetic mean is sensitive to outliers, unlike the median.
prodigy	C1	dahi	The young researcher was considered a prodigy, having published three first-author papers before age 20. Musical prodigy is associated with both intensive early training and genetic predispositions.
atmosphere	B2	atmosfer / ortam	The Earth’s atmosphere is composed of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. The atmosphere in the laboratory was one of intense collaboration and mutual respect.
vision	B2	görme / vizyon	The vision of the project is to develop a cure for the disease. Peripheral vision is more sensitive to motion than central vision.
internal	B2	iç / dahili	The internal organs were examined using magnetic resonance imaging. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha.
combustion	B2	yanma	Complete combustion of methane yields carbon dioxide and water. The engine operates by combustion of a fuel-air mixture within the cylinder.
invent	B2	icat etmek	The team aimed to invent a novel biosensor for real-time metabolite monitoring. The microscope was invented in the late 16th century, enabling the discovery of microorganisms.
thereby	B2	böylece / bu yolla	The enzyme cleaves the substrate, thereby releasing a fluorescent product. The subjects were randomized, thereby minimizing selection bias.
infinitesimal	C2	sonsuz küçük	The change in mass was infinitesimal and could not be detected by the balance. Calculus deals with infinitesimal changes using the concept of limits.
exemplify	C1	örneklendirmek	The study exemplifys best practices in preregistration and data sharing. The response of the species to climate change exemplifys the concept of phenotypic plasticity.
reinforce	B2	pekiştirmek / güçlendirmek	The results reinforce the conclusion that the drug is efficacious. Carbon fibers are added to reinforce the mechanical properties of the polymer composite.
spinal	B2	omurilik	The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the peripheral nervous system. A spinal reflex can occur without input from higher brain centers.
consult	B2	danışmak	The researcher will consult the safety data sheet before handling the chemical. The team consulted with a statistician to design the sampling plan.
headstand	B1	baş üstü duruş	The participant was asked to perform a headstand as part of the balance assessment. Yoga practice includes postures such as headstand and shoulder stand.
lotus	B1	nilüfer	The lotus flower has hydrophobic leaves that repel water and self-clean. The lotus root is a common ingredient in Asian cuisine and contains dietary fiber.
enormous	B2	devasa / muazzam	The dataset required an enormous amount of storage, exceeding 10 terabytes. The team made an enormous effort to recruit a representative sample.
measure	B2	ölçmek / önlem	The instrument will measure the absorbance at 450 nanometers. The measure of central tendency most appropriate for skewed data is the median.
descriptive	B2	betimleyici / tanımlayıcı	The study used a descriptive design without an experimental manipulation. Descriptive statistics summarize the main features of the dataset.
texture	B2	doku / yapı	The texture of the soil influences water retention and root penetration. The texture of the material was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.
align	B2	hizalamak	The researcher will align the sequences using a multiple sequence alignment algorithm. The aligned fibers provided maximum tensile strength in the longitudinal direction.
guide	B2	rehberlik etmek / kılavuz	The protocol will guide the technician through the calibration procedure. The guide for authors specifies the manuscript formatting requirements.
abbreviate	B2	kısaltmak	The journal requires authors to abbreviate the names of journals in the reference list. The procedure is often abbreviated to reduce time, but this may sacrifice accuracy.
government	B2	hükümet	The government funding agency awarded a grant for the vaccine development project. Government regulations require ethical approval for all studies involving human subjects.
voluntary	B2	gönüllü	Participation in the survey was entirely voluntary and uncompensated. The recall of the defective product was voluntary rather than mandated by regulators.
aromatic	B2	aromatik	Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, with a planar ring structure. The aromatic amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine absorb ultraviolet light.
errand	B2	ayak işi / getir götür	The technician ran an errand to pick up liquid nitrogen from the supply store. The intern was asked to run laboratory errands including restocking pipette tips.
hectic	B2	çok yoğun / telaşlı	The final week before the grant deadline was hectic with last-minute data analysis. The laboratory environment became hectic when the freezer alarm sounded unexpectedly.
impose	B2	dayatmak / zorla kabul ettirmek	The funding agency may impose data sharing requirements on all grantees. Do not impose your interpretation on the data; let the results speak for themselves.
spectacle	C1	gösteri / manzara	The aurora borealis is a natural spectacle caused by charged particles interacting with the magnetosphere. The reviewer made a spectacle of the manuscript’s minor errors rather than engaging substantively.
solstice	C1	gündönümü	The summer solstice has the longest daylight duration of the year in the Northern Hemisphere. Ancient monuments such as Stonehenge are aligned with the solstice sunrise.
festive	B2	şenlikli / bayram havasında	The laboratory had a festive atmosphere after the successful completion of the clinical trial. The festive decorations did not distract from the serious scientific discussions.
duration	B2	süre	The duration of each stimulus presentation was 500 milliseconds. The total duration of the experiment, including setup and cleanup, was approximately four hours.
usher	C1	yol göstermek / başlatmak	The discovery of restriction enzymes ushered in the era of genetic engineering. The technician will usher the visitors through the cleanroom facility.
insectivorous	C1	böcekçil	The insectivorous bat consumes up to 1000 mosquitoes per hour of foraging. Many insectivorous birds time their breeding season to coincide with peak caterpillar abundance.
constitute	B2	oluşturmak / teşkil etmek	The control and treatment groups constitute the entire study population. The findings constitute strong evidence against the null hypothesis.
prestigious	C1	prestijli / saygın	The paper was accepted for publication in a prestigious journal with a high impact factor. The prestigious award recognized her contributions to the field of neuroscience.
probable	B2	olası / muhtemel	It is probable that the observed effect is due to chance given the small sample size. The most probable explanation for the discrepancy is a calibration error.
priceless	C1	paha biçilmez	The ancient manuscript is priceless and housed in a climate-controlled vault. The longitudinal dataset is priceless for studying developmental trajectories.
endure	C1	dayanmak / katlanmak	The organism can endure extreme desiccation by entering an anhydrobiotic state. The findings have endured replication attempts and remain robust after ten years.
pastime	B2	hobi / uğraş	Data analysis became a relaxing pastime for the retired professor. Birdwatching is a popular pastime among naturalists and contributes to citizen science.
soothe	C2	yatıştırmak / rahatlatmak	The topical cream is designed to soothe skin irritation caused by the adhesive. The researcher used a gentle voice to soothe the anxious animal subjects.
advance	B2	ilerlemek / ilerletmek	The study will advance our understanding of the disease mechanism. The fire advanced rapidly through the dry underbrush.
prejudice	B2	ön yargı	The researcher acknowledged her own prejudice in favor of the experimental hypothesis. Publication prejudice against null results skews the scientific literature.
monsoon	B2	muson	The monsoon season brings heavy rainfall that replenishes groundwater reserves. The timing of the monsoon is critical for rain-fed agriculture in the region.
artillery	C1	topçu	The historical analysis examined the role of artillery in shaping battlefield tactics. The acoustic signature of artillery fire was recorded and analyzed for source localization.
ideology	C1	ideoloji	The researcher’s personal ideology did not influence the objective analysis of the data. The funding agency’s political ideology may affect which research areas receive priority.
provincial	C1	taşralı / dar görüşlü	The provincial regulations varied significantly from the national guidelines. A provincial attitude toward interdisciplinary work can hinder scientific progress.
interact	B2	etkileşmek	The two drugs interact at the level of cytochrome P450 metabolism. The protein interacts with DNA through a helix-turn-helix motif.
publish	B2	yayımlamak	The team plans to publish their findings in a peer-reviewed journal. To publish null results is as important as publishing positive findings.
framework	B2	çerçeve	The theoretical framework integrates concepts from ecology and evolutionary biology. The regulatory framework requires safety testing before clinical trials.
sociology	B2	sosyoloji	Sociology examines the structures and dynamics of human societies. The sociology of science investigates how social factors influence research practices.
retrospect	C1	geriye bakış	In retrospect, the control group should have been larger to detect the small effect. The flaws in the study design became obvious only in retrospect.
outcome	B2	sonuç	The primary outcome of the trial was all-cause mortality at five years. The outcome of the analysis depends heavily on the choice of statistical model.
penetrate	B2	nüfuz etmek / delmek	The X-rays can penetrate soft tissue but are absorbed by bone. The needle will penetrate the skin and enter the subcutaneous layer.
progress	B2	ilerleme	The student made steady progress in learning to operate the flow cytometer. The reaction progresses from left to right as the product concentration increases.
revulsion	C1	iğrenme / nefret	The scientific community expressed revulsion at the fabricated data in the retracted paper. The subject reported a feeling of revulsion when shown the disturbing images.
mammal	B2	memeli	The mammalian inner ear contains three ossicles that transmit sound vibrations. As a mammal, the dolphin breathes air and gives birth to live young.
contiguous	C1	bitişik	The two genes are located on contiguous segments of chromosome 7. The contiguous forest cover allowed the species to disperse without crossing open areas.
pigment	B2	pigment	Chlorophyll is the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy. The pigment melanin protects the skin from ultraviolet radiation.
possess	B2	sahip olmak	The specimen possesses a unique set of morphological characteristics. The vector does not possess an antibiotic resistance marker, requiring alternative selection.
frontal	B2	ön / alın	The frontal lobe of the brain is involved in executive functions and planning. The frontal cortex matures later than other cortical regions during development.
lobe	B2	lob	The temporal lobe contains the primary auditory cortex and the hippocampus. Each lung is divided into several lobes separated by fissures.
disproportionate	C1	orantısız	The study found a disproportionate burden of disease among low-income populations. The review was disproportionately critical of minor methodological issues.
disparity	C1	eşitsizlik / fark	Significant disparity in funding exists between biomedical and social science research. The disparity between the two measurements indicates systematic error.
curriculum	B2	müfredat	The curriculum for the graduate program includes courses in statistics and research ethics. The curriculum was revised to include training on reproducible research practices.
commit	B2	adamak / işlemek	The researcher will commit significant time to mentoring junior scientists. The subject did not commit any violation of the experimental protocol.
sentiment	C1	duygu / kanaat	The prevailing sentiment among researchers is that the policy is overly restrictive. Public sentiment can influence funding priorities for scientific research.
conclusive	B2	kesin / sonuçlandırıcı	The evidence was not conclusive, warranting further investigation. A conclusive demonstration of causality requires a randomized controlled trial.
overt	C1	açık / belli	The overt signs of toxicity included lethargy and reduced feeding. No overt differences were observed between the treatment and control groups.
feasible	B2	uygulanabilir / mümkün	It is feasible to sequence the entire genome within 48 hours using current technology. The proposed timeline is not feasible given the available personnel.
habit	B2	alışkanlık	The habit of daily pipette calibration reduces measurement error over time. The animal’s feeding habits were recorded using automated video tracking.
feral	C1	yabani / vahşileşmiş (evcil hayvanın doğaya dönmesi)	The feral cat population poses a threat to native bird species through direct predation. The feral swine cause extensive damage to agricultural crops and soil structure.
intestine	B2	bağırsak	The small intestine is the primary site of nutrient absorption following digestion. The large intestine houses a dense microbial community essential for fermentation of dietary fiber.
sodium	B2	sodyum	Sodium ions flow through voltage-gated channels during the depolarization phase of an action potential. High dietary sodium intake is associated with increased risk of hypertension.
heterogeneous	C1	heterojen / farklı bileşenlerden oluşan	The tumor sample was heterogeneous, containing both benign and malignant cell populations. A heterogeneous treatment effect was observed, with some patients responding dramatically and others not at all.
rim	B2	kenar / ağız	The crater rim consists of ejected material from the impact event. The rim of the culture dish was sealed with Parafilm to prevent evaporation.
imperial	B2	imparatorluk	The imperial system of measurement uses units such as inches and pounds. The imperial expansion facilitated the global exchange of biological species.
vibrant	B2	canlı / enerjik	The vibrant colors of the coral reef indicate a healthy symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae. The research community is vibrant, with frequent interdisciplinary exchanges.
remain	B2	kalmak / sürdürmek	The mechanism underlying the observed effect remains unclear despite extensive investigation. Subjects remain in the supine position for 30 minutes following blood collection.
irrefutable	C1	yadsınamaz / çürütülemez	The DNA evidence provided irrefutable proof of the species’ identity. The pattern of results offers irrefutable support for the alternative hypothesis.
acquaint	C1	tanışmak / bilgi vermek	The orientation session will acquaint new researchers with laboratory safety protocols. The reader should acquaint themselves with the basic terminology before proceeding.
fieldwork	B2	saha çalışması	The fieldwork involved collecting soil samples from 50 distinct locations. Conducting fieldwork in remote regions requires extensive logistical planning.
partial	B2	kısmi / taraflı	A partial correlation was calculated to control for the effect of age. The reviewer’s critique was partial and failed to acknowledge the study’s strengths.
unearth	C1	toprağı kazarak çıkarmak / ortaya çıkarmak	The paleontologists unearthed a nearly complete dinosaur skeleton. The investigation unearthed previously undisclosed conflicts of interest among the authors.
definitive	C1	kesin	A definitive diagnosis requires histological confirmation from a biopsy. The study provides definitive evidence that the intervention is effective.
suppose	B2	varsaymak	Suppose the null hypothesis is true; then the observed difference is unlikely to occur by chance. The model supposes that all individuals have equal probability of exposure.
generation	B2	nesil / üretim	The second generation of the device had improved sensitivity and lower noise. The generation of reactive oxygen species was measured using a fluorescent probe.
anchor	B2	çapa / sabitlemek	The primer will anchor at the 3’ end of the template strand. The membrane protein is anchored to the lipid bilayer via a transmembrane domain.
gland	B2	bez / salgı bezi	The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolic rate. Sweat glands are distributed across the skin and participate in thermoregulation.
facilitate	B2	kolaylaştırmak	The buffer facilitates the binding of the antibody to its target antigen. The new software will facilitate data sharing among collaborating laboratories.
whereby	C1	…sayesinde / …yoluyla	The proposed mechanism whereby the drug acts involves inhibition of a specific kinase. We describe a method whereby single cells can be isolated from heterogeneous mixtures.
underproduce	C1	yetersiz üretmek	The mutant strain underproduces the enzyme, resulting in accumulation of the substrate. Some patients underproduce cortisol due to adrenal insufficiency.
dropout	B2	bırakma / ayrılma	The dropout rate was 15% over the 12-month follow-up period. Missing data due to participant dropout were handled using multiple imputation.
proportion	B2	oran	A large proportion of the variance (62%) was explained by the two predictor variables. The proportion of patients who experienced adverse events did not differ between groups.
persist	B2	devam etmek / ısrar etmek	Symptoms may persist for several weeks even after treatment initiation. The contamination persisted despite repeated cleaning with ethanol.
unchanging	C1	değişmeyen / sabit	The control condition remained unchanging throughout the experiment. The unchanging baseline allowed detection of even small treatment effects.
stumble	B2	tökezlemek / rastlamak	The participant may stumble during the walking task under dual-task conditions. The researcher stumbled upon an unexpected finding while analyzing the control data.
cache	C1	önbellek / gizli depo	The processor’s cache stores frequently accessed data for rapid retrieval. The animal maintains a food cache to survive the winter months.
utter	B2	tam / tamamen / söylemek	The experiment was an utter failure due to a power outage. The subject did not utter a single response during the baseline phase.
decisive	B2	belirleyici / kesin	The third experiment provided decisive evidence favoring one of the competing hypotheses. A decisive factor in the study’s success was the large sample size.
underestimate	B2	küçümsemek / eksik tahmin etmek	The model may underestimate the true risk if important confounders are omitted. Novice researchers often underestimate the time required for data analysis.
conscious	B2	bilinçli	The patient remained fully conscious throughout the procedure. Conscious awareness of the stimulus is not required for implicit memory formation.
insomnia	B2	uykusuzluk	Chronic insomnia is associated with impaired cognitive function and mood disturbances. The treatment significantly reduced insomnia severity compared to placebo.
hypnosis	C1	hipnoz	The study examined whether hypnosis can reduce perceived pain intensity during medical procedures. Under hypnosis, the subject exhibited heightened suggestibility but no loss of awareness.
magnitude	B2	büyüklük / önem	The magnitude of the effect was small but statistically significant. An earthquake of magnitude 7.2 struck the region, damaging the research station.
assign	B2	atamak	The computer will randomly assign each subject to either the treatment or control group. The participants were assigned a unique identification code to protect anonymity.
select	B2	seçmek	The algorithm will select the most informative features for the classification task. The investigator will select a subset of samples for confirmatory testing.
tissue	B2	doku	Adipose tissue stores energy in the form of triglycerides. The biopsy revealed abnormal cells within the connective tissue.
distress	B2	sıkıntı / rahatsızlık	The animal showed signs of respiratory distress following exposure to the aerosol. The patient reported emotional distress related to the diagnosis.
fatigue	B2	yorgunluk	Muscle fatigue was assessed using a repeated maximal contraction protocol. The subjects rated their fatigue level on a 10-point visual analog scale.
timber	B2	kereste	The timber industry relies on sustainable harvesting practices to prevent deforestation. The timber frames of the historical building were analyzed for dendrochronological dating.
frequent	B2	sık / sık sık	The researcher frequently calibrates the instrument to maintain accuracy. Headache was the most frequent adverse event reported by participants.
asset	B2	varlık / değerli şey	The confocal microscope is a major asset to the imaging facility. The collaborator’s expertise in bioinformatics was an invaluable asset.
annual	B2	yıllık	The annual precipitation in the region has declined by 15% over three decades. The annual meeting of the society attracts over 5000 attendees.
forest	B2	orman	The forest canopy supports a diverse community of epiphytic plants. Deforestation of the Amazon forest reduces regional rainfall through decreased evapotranspiration.
wildfire	B2	orman yangını	The wildfire burned over 10,000 hectares of mixed conifer forest. Climate change increases the frequency and intensity of wildfire events.
compatible	B2	uyumlu	The antibody is compatible with both flow cytometry and western blotting applications. The software is compatible with multiple operating systems.
boast	B2	övünmek / sahip olmak	The university boasts a state-of-the-art genomics core facility. The region boasts the highest biodiversity of any temperate forest.
reforest	C1	yeniden ormanlandırmak	The conservation program aims to reforest degraded lands with native tree species. Efforts to reforest the catchment area reduced soil erosion and improved water quality.
impartial	C1	tarafsız	The peer review process should be impartial, free from personal or professional bias. A third-party statistician conducted an impartial analysis of the unblinded data.
mild	B2	hafif / ılıman	The patient experienced only mild discomfort following the injection. The mild climate of the coastal region allows year-round fieldwork.
derive	B2	türetmek / elde etmek	The researcher will derive the equation from fundamental thermodynamic principles. Stem cells can be derived from both embryonic and adult tissues.
tedious	B2	sıkıcı / zahmetli	Manual counting of colonies under the microscope is a tedious but necessary task. The data cleaning process was tedious due to inconsistent formatting across files.
highlight	B2	vurgulamak	The authors highlight the importance of blinding in clinical trials. The graph highlights the difference between the two experimental groups.
alleviate	C1	hafifletmek	The analgesic was administered to alleviate postoperative pain. Dietary modification may alleviate symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome.
debilitate	C1	zayıf düşürmek	Chronic fatigue syndrome can severely debilitate patients, impairing daily function. The progressive disease debilitates the musculoskeletal system over time.
affluent	C1	varlıklı / zengin	The study found that affluent neighborhoods had greater access to green spaces. The affluent funding environment allowed the purchase of three new instruments.
array	B2	dizi / sıra	The laboratory is equipped with an array of spectrophotometers and centrifuges. A DNA microarray is an array of probes attached to a solid surface.
incentive	B2	teşvik	The funding agency offers incentives for researchers who share their data publicly. Financial incentives can improve participant retention in longitudinal studies.
endemic	C1	endemik / yaygın	The disease is endemic to the region, with seasonal outbreaks occurring each year. The island has several endemic plant species found nowhere else on Earth.
vicious	B2	şiddetli / acımasız	The vicious cycle of poverty and poor health is difficult to break. The predator launched a vicious attack on the anesthetized prey.
spiral	B2	sarmal / spiralleşmek	The double helix of DNA is a spiral structure stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Costs may spiral out of control if the project scope expands without oversight.
efficacy	C1	etkinlik / yeterlilik	The efficacy of the vaccine was 94% in the phase III clinical trial. The efficacy of the drug was evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
disseminate	C1	yaymak	The journal aims to disseminate high-quality research to a global audience. The findings were disseminated through preprints, conferences, and peer-reviewed publications.
fatal	B2	ölümcül	The mutation is fatal in homozygous individuals but has no effect in heterozygotes. A fatal error in the code caused the analysis pipeline to crash.
ultimate	B2	nihai / en son	The ultimate goal of the research is to develop a cure for the disease. The ultimate cause of the extinction event was likely a combination of factors.
affordable	B2	uygun fiyatlı / karşılanabilir	The goal is to make diagnostic testing affordable for low-resource settings. The affordable microfluidic device costs less than one dollar per test.
poetic	B2	şiirsel	The description of the natural phenomenon was almost poetic in its elegance. The poetic language of the manuscript did not detract from its scientific rigor.
anthology	C1	antoloji / seçki	The anthology includes seminal papers from the first decade of the field. The instructor assigned an anthology of readings covering multiple theoretical perspectives.
conscience	B2	vicdan	The researcher’s conscience compelled her to report the data anomaly. The decision to withdraw from the study was a matter of personal conscience.
dynasty	B2	hanedan	The Tang dynasty oversaw a flourishing period of technological innovation. The artifacts were dated to the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt.
corrupt	B2	yozlaşmış / bozuk	The file was corrupt and could not be opened for analysis. Corrupt data entries were removed during the quality control step.
rebel	B2	isyan etmek / asi	The graduate student decided to rebel against the outdated protocols and propose new methods. The rebel faction prevented researchers from accessing the field site.
famine	B2	kıtlık	The historical famine was associated with crop failure and social upheaval. The famine led to population displacement and long-term health consequences.
refugee	B2	mülteci	The study examined mental health outcomes among refugee populations resettled in urban areas. Refugee camps often lack adequate sanitation, increasing infectious disease risk.
hopeless	B2	umutsuz	The prognosis appeared hopeless until the experimental treatment was administered. The situation is not hopeless; preliminary data show promise.
unwelcome	B2	hoş karşılanmayan / istenmeyen	The finding was unwelcome because it contradicted the prevailing theory. Unwelcome disturbances during the experiment included unexpected vibrations.
originate	B2	köken almak / kaynaklanmak	The virus is thought to originate in bats before spilling over to humans. The sample originates from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent.
legitimate	B2	meşru	The research question is legitimate and worthy of investigation. The authors provided a legitimate justification for excluding certain data points.
project	B2	proje / yansıtmak / tahmin etmek	The research project received funding from the National Science Foundation. The team will project future climate scenarios based on current emission trajectories.
distort	C1	çarpıtmak / bozmak	The lens can distort the image at the periphery of the field of view. Publication bias distorts the perceived effect size in the literature.
refrain	C1	kaçınmak / tutmak	Participants were instructed to refrain from eating for eight hours before the test. Please refrain from touching the optical surfaces with bare fingers.
leeway	C1	esneklik / manevra alanı	The protocol provides some leeway in the choice of statistical methods. The supervisor gave the technician leeway to adjust the schedule as needed.
commercial	B2	ticari	The commercial kit contains all reagents necessary for the assay. The compound is not yet available for commercial distribution.
disprove	C1	yanlışlamak / çürütmek	A single counterexample is sufficient to disprove a universal hypothesis. The study aimed to disprove the claim that the intervention is ineffective.
individual	B2	birey	Each individual in the cohort was genotyped for the candidate variant. The individual differences in response were substantial and warrant further study.
pseudo	C1	sahte / yalancı	The pseudo-replication in the study inflated the statistical significance. A pseudo gene is a non-functional copy of a protein-coding gene.
saturate	C1	doyurmak	The binding sites will saturate when the ligand concentration reaches 100 nM. The soil became saturated with water after prolonged rainfall.
starchy	B2	nişastalı	Starchy foods such as potatoes and rice are major sources of dietary carbohydrates. The starchy endosperm provides energy for the germinating seed.
intermittent	C1	aralıklı / kesintili	The patient experienced intermittent fevers alternating with afebrile periods. The signal was intermittent due to loose electrical connections.
overwork	B1	fazla çalışmak / yormak	To overwork the centrifuge beyond its rated speed risks rotor failure. The team was overworked and under-resourced, leading to burnout.
confront	B2	yüzleşmek / karşı karşıya gelmek	The researcher must confront the possibility that the hypothesis is incorrect. The study confronts the ethical challenges of conducting research in conflict zones.
simulate	B2	benzetim yapmak / taklit etmek	The software can simulate protein folding using molecular dynamics algorithms. The artificial environment was designed to simulate Martian surface conditions.
stance	C1	duruş / tavır	The official stance of the agency is that all data must be shared upon publication. The participant adopted a wide stance to maintain balance on the moving platform.
stagger	C1	sendelemek / şaşırtmak	The patient began to stagger and had difficulty walking in a straight line. The results staggered the research team, who expected a much smaller effect.
stroke	B2	felç / vuruş	Ischemic stroke results from occlusion of a cerebral blood vessel. The stroke of the piston was measured at 50 millimeters.
kidney	B2	böbrek	The kidney filters blood plasma to remove waste products and regulate electrolytes. Chronic kidney disease is staged according to glomerular filtration rate.
elevate	B2	yükseltmek	The platform will elevate the sample to the level of the objective lens. The finding elevated the profile of the previously obscure research field.
escalate	C1	tırmanmak / artmak	The conflict between the two laboratories escalated into a public dispute. Dosage may be escalated gradually if the initial dose is well tolerated.
odd	B2	garip / tek	The result was odd because it contradicted all previous studies. The dataset contained an odd number of observations, preventing a simple split into equal halves.
subspecies	C1	alt tür	The subspecies differs from the nominal species in pelage color and skull morphology. The endangered subspecies is found only in a single valley.
wholesome	C1	sağlıklı / yararlı	The diet consisted of wholesome, unprocessed foods rich in fiber and nutrients. The wholesome environment of the laboratory promoted careful and ethical research.
ancestor	B2	ata	The common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees lived approximately six million years ago. The modern horse is descended from a dog-sized ancestor.
dedicate	B2	adamak	The researcher will dedicate considerable time to mentoring undergraduate students. The laboratory is dedicated to studying the molecular basis of memory.
snub	C1	görmezden gelmek / tokatlamak	The journal snubbed the submission without sending it for peer review. The senior author felt snubbed when not invited to the collaborative meeting.
renaissance	C1	rönesans / yeniden doğuş	The field experienced a renaissance following the development of new imaging techniques. The renaissance of interest in psychedelic research has led to new clinical trials.
discern	C1	ayırt etmek / fark etmek	The human eye cannot discern individual pixels at standard viewing distance. It is difficult to discern a pattern in the noisy data without statistical filtering.
traverse	C1	geçmek / kat etmek	The nerve fibers traverse the corpus callosum to reach the contralateral hemisphere. The research vessel will traverse the Atlantic Ocean collecting water samples.
industrial	B2	endüstriyel	Industrial emissions are a major source of atmospheric particulate matter. The industrial revolution dramatically altered the global carbon cycle.
ratio	B2	oran	The signal-to-noise ratio was improved by averaging 100 consecutive measurements. A ratio of 2:1 was used for the mixing of the two reagents.
eager	B2	hevesli / istekli	The research team was eager to begin the new clinical trial. The student was eager to learn the technique and practiced daily.
swivel	C1	döndürmek / dönmek	The microscope head can swivel 180 degrees for shared viewing. The technician swiveled the chair to face the computer screen.
independent	B2	bağımsız	The two variables are statistically independent, with a correlation near zero. The independent review committee approved the study protocol.
erratic	C1	düzensiz / değişken	The subject’s heart rate was erratic, fluctuating between 50 and 120 beats per minute. The erratic behavior of the instrument suggested a loose connection.
treacherous	C1	hain / güvenilmez / tehlikeli	The road conditions were treacherous, delaying the arrival of the research team. The treacherous terrain required four-wheel-drive vehicles to access the sampling sites.
aground	C1	karaya oturmuş	The research vessel ran aground on a submerged sandbar. The boat was aground for six hours until the rising tide refloated it.
herd	B2	sürü	The herd of bison migrated across the plain following the seasonal vegetation gradient. The herd immunity threshold for measles is approximately 95% vaccination coverage.
mountainous	B2	dağlık	The mountainous terrain posed challenges for the seismic monitoring equipment. The mountainous region receives orographic precipitation on the windward slopes.
plow	B2	pulluk / sürmek	The farmer will plow the field before planting the experimental crop. The plow disturbed the soil structure and increased erosion rates.
unfold	B2	açılmak / gelişmek	The protein will unfold under denaturing conditions, losing its tertiary structure. The events unfolded rapidly after the initial observation.
kimono	B1	kimono	The kimono is a traditional Japanese garment with long sleeves and a wrap-around design. The museum displayed a kimono from the Edo period made of silk.
garment	B2	giysi	The protective garment must be worn at all times inside the cleanroom. The garment was made of a breathable fabric that repels liquid.
pad	B2	ped / destek / doldurmak	The technician will pad the shipping container with foam to protect the fragile samples. The mouse pad has a textured surface for precise cursor control.
tubular	C1	boru şeklinde	The tubular structure of the nephron is responsible for urine concentration. The tubular reactor design provided efficient heat transfer.
silhouette	C1	siluet	The silhouette of the mountain range was visible against the setting sun. The silhouette of the protein was determined using small-angle X-ray scattering.
promise	B2	söz vermek / umut vaat etmek	The preliminary results promise to revolutionize the field. The investigator must promise confidentiality to all study participants.
enrich	B2	zenginleştirmek	The culture medium is enriched with amino acids and vitamins for optimal growth. The researcher will enrich the sample for rare cells using magnetic beads.
associate	B2	ilişkilendirmek / ortak	The study associates high sugar intake with increased risk of metabolic syndrome. The associate professor supervised the graduate student’s thesis.
resolution	B2	çözünürlük / karar	The microscope has a lateral resolution of 200 nanometers. The board passed a resolution requiring mandatory ethics training.
perpetuate	C1	sürdürmek / devam ettirmek	The practice of not publishing null results perpetuates publication bias. The myth was perpetuated by anecdotal reports in the absence of controlled studies.
overtake	C1	geçmek / yakalamak	Renewable energy may soon overtake fossil fuels as the primary energy source. The fast-growing tumor overtakes the surrounding healthy tissue.
divert	C1	yönlendirmek / saptırmak	The technician will divert the flow of coolant through an alternative path. Funding was diverted from basic science to applied research.
secretive	C1	gizemli / saklayıcı	The species is secretive and seldom observed in its natural habitat. The funding agency was secretive about its review criteria, frustrating applicants.
intelligible	C1	anlaşılır	The speaker’s accent was thick but still intelligible to the international audience. The recorded signal was barely intelligible due to background noise.
disputable	C1	tartışmalı	The claim that the effect is clinically significant remains disputable. The interpretation of the historical documents is disputable and contested by several scholars.
affective	C1	duygusal / duygu ile ilgili	The study measured affective responses to the visual stimuli using skin conductance. Affective disorders such as depression involve dysregulation of mood.
genius	B2	dahi	The solution was a stroke of genius, combining two previously unrelated techniques. The young researcher was regarded as a genius in algorithm design.
diameter	B2	çap	The diameter of the particle was measured to be 50 nanometers by electron microscopy. The circular field of view has a diameter of 500 micrometers.
devise	C1	tasarlamak / bulmak	The team will devise a novel assay to detect the biomarker in serum. The researchers devised a strategy to minimize batch effects.
wrought	C1	işlenmiş / yol açmış	The changes wrought by the industrial revolution transformed society. The material is wrought iron, known for its ductility and corrosion resistance.
capable	B2	yetenekli / kapasiteye sahip	The new instrument is capable of detecting single molecules. The researcher is capable of performing the complex statistical analysis.
represent	B2	temsil etmek	The sample must represent the target population to allow generalization. The symbol “p” represents the probability of obtaining the observed result under the null.
mundane	C1	sıradan / gündelik	The task of pipetting hundreds of samples was mundane but essential. The mundane details of the protocol are as important as the innovative steps.
documentary	B2	belgesel	The documentary presented evidence of climate change from multiple sources. The documentary footage captured the behavior of the species in the wild.
ferocious	C1	vahşi / yırtıcı	The ferocious predator swiftly captured its prey. The competition between the two laboratories was ferocious but ultimately productive.
screen	B2	taramak / ekran	The researchers will screen 10,000 compounds for inhibitory activity. The screen of the computer displayed the real-time data from the sensors.
incurable	C1	tedavi edilemez / çaresiz	The patient was diagnosed with an incurable genetic disorder affecting mitochondrial function. Despite being incurable, the condition can be managed with symptomatic treatment.
pupil	B2	öğrenci (göz) / öğrenci (okul)	The pupil constricts in response to bright light to limit retinal exposure. Each pupil in the research ethics course completed a certification examination.
deliberate	B2	kasıtlı / bilinçli	The deliberate manipulation of the control group assignment introduced bias. The researcher took a deliberate pause before answering the methodological question.
provoke	B2	kışkırtmak / provoke etmek	The antigen will provoke an immune response characterized by antibody production. The inflammatory stimulus provokes the release of cytokines from macrophages.
predominant	C1	baskın / en yaygın	The predominant cell type in the tissue is the fibroblast. The predominant theory attributes the phenomenon to oxidative stress.
forefront	C1	ön safta / öncü	The laboratory is at the forefront of CRISPR-based gene therapy research. The scientist placed replication studies at the forefront of her research agenda.
shorten	B2	kısaltmak	The new protocol will shorten the reaction time from 60 to 30 minutes. Telomere length tends to shorten with each cell division.
countless	B2	sayısız	The researcher conducted countless optimization experiments before achieving success. Countless variables can influence the outcome of a complex biological system.
compose	B2	oluşturmak / bestelemek	The membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The research team composed a detailed protocol for the systematic review.
irregular	B2	düzensiz	The patient’s heartbeat was irregular, with premature ventricular contractions. The irregular spacing of the data points suggested a non-uniform sampling interval.
gauge	C1	ölçmek / gösterge	The instrument will gauge the pressure inside the reaction vessel. The researcher used a Likert scale to gauge participant satisfaction.
limestone	B2	kireçtaşı	The cave formed within limestone due to dissolution by carbonic acid in groundwater. Limestone deposits contain fossils of marine organisms from the Cretaceous period.
interior	B2	iç / iç kısım	The interior of the cell is separated from the external environment by the plasma membrane. The interior regions of the continent experience more extreme temperature variations.
cubic	B2	kübik	The crystal has a cubic lattice structure with equal edge lengths. The sample volume was one cubic centimeter, equivalent to one milliliter.
dissimilar	B2	farklı / benzemez	The two experimental conditions were dissimilar in temperature and humidity. Despite dissimilar genetic backgrounds, the phenotypes were remarkably similar.
persuasive	C1	ikna edici	The authors presented a persuasive argument for revising the taxonomic classification. The meta-analysis provided persuasive evidence against the proposed mechanism.
ally	B2	müttefik / destekçi	The statistician became a valuable ally in designing the complex experiment. The two research groups ally to share resources and expertise.
chestnut	B2	kestane	The chestnut tree was devastated by blight in the early 20th century. The roasted chestnut contains resistant starch that modulates gut microbiota.
straightforward	B2	basit / anlaşılır	The protocol is straightforward and can be completed in under two hours. The relationship between the variables is straightforward and linear.
morale	C1	moral	High team morale was associated with increased research productivity. The repeated manuscript rejections negatively affected the lab’s morale.
conceal	B2	gizlemek	The researcher did not conceal any conflicts of interest in the disclosure statement. The thick myelin sheath conceals the axon from direct view.
situate	C1	konumlandırmak	The field station is situated at an altitude of 3000 meters. The investigator will situate the findings within the broader theoretical framework.
aristocracy	B2	aristokrasi	The aristocracy historically patronized scientific endeavors and natural history collections. The aristocracy of the 18th century funded many botanical expeditions.
prehistoric	B2	tarih öncesi	Prehistoric cave paintings depict large mammals that are now extinct. The prehistoric climate was inferred from ice core isotopic data.
obscure	B2	belirsiz / karanlık / gizlemek	The origin of the sample remains obscure due to incomplete documentation. The author chose to obscure the identities of the participants for privacy.
gear	B2	dişli / ekipman / hazırlamak	The gear train transmits rotational motion from the motor to the stirrer. The laboratory is geared toward high-throughput screening applications.
rigid	B2	katı / sert	The scaffold material is rigid and maintains its shape under compression. The rigid inclusion criteria limited the generalizability of the findings.
fearsome	C1	korkunç / dehşet verici	The predator’s fearsome appearance belies its generally docile behavior. The fearsome reputation of the disease motivated aggressive public health measures.
autonomy	C1	özerklik	The ethics committee operates with autonomy independent of institutional pressure. The university granted the research center autonomy in budget allocation.
simultaneous	B2	eşzamanlı	The two reactions occur simultaneously in the same reaction vessel. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and pressure allowed equation of state calculations.
barren	C2	kısır / çorak	The barren landscape supported no visible plant or animal life. The culture medium remained barren after 14 days, indicating sterilization was successful.
cremate	C1	yakmak (ölüyü)	The remains were cremated before the ashes were returned to the family. The decision to cremate rather than bury was based on local customs and available land.
stereotype	C1	klişe / basmakalıp	The study aimed to stereotype the neural correlates of racial bias. The researcher avoided the stereotype that only certain demographic groups experience the condition.
portray	B2	tasvir etmek	The graph portrays the relationship between dose and response as sigmoidal. The authors portray the competing hypothesis as implausible given the evidence.
tenet	C1	ilke / prensip	A central tenet of the scientific method is that findings must be replicable. The tenet of informed consent is fundamental to ethical human subjects research.
gesture	B2	jest / el hareketi	The participant used a hand gesture to indicate the direction of motion. The funding was a generous gesture of support for early-career researchers.
perform	B2	gerçekleştirmek / yapmak	The robot will perform the pipetting steps with sub-millimeter precision. The assay performs reliably across a wide range of sample concentrations.
brutish	C2	kaba / vahşi	The brutish treatment of the experimental animals violated ethical standards. The brutish conditions of the early industrial laboratories are no longer acceptable.
contradict	B2	çelişmek	The new findings contradict the previously published meta-analysis. The two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and do not contradict each other.
conform	B2	uymak / bağdaşmak	The results conform to the predictions of the theoretical model. All protocols must conform to the safety guidelines established by the committee.
narrow	B2	dar / sınırlamak	The study focused on a narrow age range of 18-25 years. The confidence interval was narrow, indicating precise estimation.
crave	C1	şiddetle arzulamak	The craved substance activated the brain’s reward circuitry in the animal model. Sleep-deprived participants craved high-calorie foods more than rested controls.
foresee	B2	öngörmek	The researchers could not foresee the equipment failure that disrupted the experiment. The model can foresee population declines up to five years in advance.
reciprocal	C1	karşılıklı / ters	The two proteins have a reciprocal regulatory relationship; each inhibits the other. The reciprocal of the resistance is conductance, measured in siemens.
clutter	C1	dağınıklık / karışıklık	The clutter of unnecessary reagents on the bench increased contamination risk. The researcher removed the clutter of outdated files from the data directory.
genuine	B2	gerçek / samimi	The specimen is a genuine fossil, not a replica. The collaboration was based on genuine mutual respect and shared scientific goals.
consent	B2	onay / izin	The participant provided written informed consent before enrollment. The researcher obtained consent to use the archived tissue samples.
lengthy	B2	uzun (zaman)	The lengthy review process delayed publication by over a year. The protocol includes a lengthy washing step that could be optimized.
exorbitant	C1	fahiş (fiyat)	The journal charged an exorbitant article processing fee of $5000. The cost of the specialized antibody was exorbitant relative to the research budget.
wilderness	B2	vahşi doğa	The research station is located in a protected wilderness area. The wilderness served as a natural laboratory for studying ecosystem dynamics.
atlas	B2	atlas	The brain atlas provides stereotaxic coordinates for precise electrode placement. The atlas of protein expression maps localization across human tissues.
reckon	B2	hesaplamak / farzetmek	The researcher reckons the sample size needed to detect a 10% difference. One might reckon that the effect would be larger, but the data show otherwise.
gamma	B2	gama	Gamma radiation has the shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum. The gamma distribution is often used to model positively skewed data.
deplete	C1	tüketmek	The intensive farming practices deplete soil nutrients over time. The reagent stock was depleted after 200 assays and required reordering.
blurb	C1	tanıtım yazısı / arka kapak yazısı	The blurb on the journal’s website summarized the key finding in one sentence. The author wrote a blurb for the back cover of the monograph.
footage	B2	görüntü (video)	The footage from the wildlife camera captured the nocturnal behavior of the species. The security footage was reviewed to determine who accessed the laboratory after hours.
cease	B2	durmak / sona ermek	The reaction will cease when the limiting reagent is exhausted. The funding for the project will cease at the end of the fiscal year.
newscast	B2	haber bülteni	The newscast reported on the study’s findings, though with some simplification. The researcher declined to appear on the newscast to avoid sensationalism.
entice	C1	cezbetmek	The reward was designed to entice participants to complete the lengthy survey. The smell of food entices the animals into the trap for tagging.
undesirable	B2	istenmeyen	The mutation had undesirable side effects including reduced fertility. Undesirable variability in the manufacturing process led to batch-to-batch differences.
prospective	C1	ileriye dönük / beklenen	The prospective cohort study enrolled 5000 subjects at baseline. The prospective benefits of the treatment outweighed the potential risks.
erect	B2	dikmek / inşa etmek	The team will erect a weather station at the summit. The hair follicles erect in response to cold or fear via the arrector pili muscles.
prohibit	B2	yasaklamak	The protocol prohibits the use of sodium azide due to explosion risk. Institutional policy prohibits the removal of hazardous materials from the laboratory.
accustom	C1	alıştırmak	The researcher accustomed the animals to the handling procedure before the experiment. The technician must accustom themselves to the strict cleanroom protocols.
ordinary	B2	sıradan / normal	The ordinary light microscope cannot resolve structures below 200 nanometers. The finding was no ordinary anomaly; it suggested a fundamental revision of the theory.
structure	B2	yapı / yapılandırmak	The three-dimensional structure of the protein was determined by X-ray crystallography. The researcher will structure the interview questions to avoid leading prompts.
insignificant	B2	önemsiz	The difference between the two groups was statistically insignificant (p = 0.34). The contamination level was insignificant and did not affect the results.
flush	B2	kızarmak / yıkamak / eşit	The researcher will flush the tubing with distilled water before use. The patient experienced a facial flush after administration of the drug.
assist	B2	yardım etmek	The robotic arm will assist the surgeon during the delicate procedure. The graduate student assisted in the analysis of the sequencing data.
vice	B2	kötü alışkanlık / mengen	The study examined the neural basis of vice and self-control. The technician secured the sample in a vice before cutting.
faithful	B2	sadık	The model is a faithful representation of the underlying biological process. The transgenic mouse is a faithful model of the human disease.
monstrous	C1	canavarca / korkunç	The monstrous size of the dataset required distributed computing resources. The monstrous ethical violation led to retraction and institutional sanctions.
hound	C1	rahatsız etmek / kovalamak	The journalist hounded the researcher for a comment before the embargo lifted. The animal was hounded by predators until it sought refuge.
seismic	C1	sismik / depremle ilgili	The seismic data revealed a previously unknown fault line beneath the laboratory. The discovery had seismic implications for the field, overturning decades of consensus.
offspring	B2	yavru / döl	The offspring of the treated mice were examined for inherited epigenetic changes. Each offspring was genotyped to confirm the presence of the transgene.
accommodate	B2	barındırmak / uyum sağlamak	The new facility can accommodate up to 50 researchers simultaneously. The statistical model must accommodate the nested structure of the data.
abstain	C1	kaçınmak / uzak durmak	Participants were instructed to abstain from caffeine for 12 hours before the test. The reviewer chose to abstain from voting due to a conflict of interest.
impermissible	C1	izin verilmez / caiz değil	It is impermissible to alter the data after the analysis is complete. The use of an unvalidated questionnaire is impermissible in regulatory submissions.
scroll	B2	parşömen / kaydırmak	The ancient scroll contained medicinal recipes from the 3rd century. The technician will scroll through the digital images to find the appropriate section.
syndrome	B2	sendrom	Down syndrome results from trisomy of chromosome 21. The metabolic syndrome is defined by a cluster of cardiovascular risk factors.
cradle	C1	beşik / kaynağı	The region is considered the cradle of modern agriculture. The researcher gently placed the specimen in the cradle of the microtome.
lineage	C1	soy / soyağacı	The lineage of the cell line was verified by short tandem repeat profiling. The genetic lineage can be traced using mitochondrial DNA.
humid	B2	nemli	The humid conditions promoted fungal growth in the culture plates. The incubator was maintained at 95% humidity to prevent evaporation.
infectious	B2	bulaşıcı	The patient was isolated until it was confirmed the disease was not infectious. The prion is an infectious proteinaceous agent that causes spongiform encephalopathy.
incubate	B2	kuluçkaya yatırmak / inkübe etmek	The researcher will incubate the plates at 37°C for 24 hours. The eggs incubate for approximately 21 days before hatching.
blister	B2	kabarcık / su toplamak	A blister formed on the skin at the site of the thermal burn. The paint developed blisters due to trapped solvent beneath the surface.
rash	B2	kızarıklık / döküntü	The patient developed a rash characterized by erythematous papules. A rash of equipment failures plagued the early phase of the study.
adorn	C1	süslemek	The cover of the journal is adorned with a stylized double helix. The researcher did not adorn the poster with unnecessary graphics, keeping it clear.
zenith	C1	zirve	The sun reaches its zenith at solar noon in the tropics. The field’s influence was at its zenith during the 1990s, with widespread funding and interest.
beautify	B1	güzelleştirmek	The data visualization was designed to communicate clearly, not merely to beautify. The grounds crew beautify the campus, but the research buildings remain utilitarian.
tackle	B2	ele almak / uğraşmak	The team will tackle the problem of antibiotic resistance from multiple angles. The study tackles a long-standing question in evolutionary biology.
satiety	C1	tokluk	The hormone leptin signals satiety to the hypothalamus after food intake. High-fiber meals promote satiety and reduce subsequent caloric consumption.
skeletal	B2	iskelet	The skeletal muscle is under voluntary control and attaches to bones via tendons. The researcher prepared a skeletal outline of the review article before writing.
milestone	B2	dönüm noktası	The completion of the Human Genome Project was a major milestone in biology. The team achieved each milestone on schedule, culminating in the clinical trial.
retard	C1	yavaşlatmak / geciktirmek	The cold temperature will retard the growth of the bacterial culture. The addition of a stabilizer retards the degradation of the polymer.
complicate	B2	karmaşıklaştırmak	The presence of multiple isoforms complicates the interpretation of the western blot. The lack of a gold standard test complicates the validation of the new assay.
restrain	B2	kısıtlamak / tutmak	The animal was gently restrained during the blood collection procedure. The researcher must restrain the impulse to over-interpret the preliminary data.
strive	C1	çabalamak / gayret etmek	The team strives to maintain the highest standards of data integrity. The scientist strives to replicate her own findings before submission.
pinnacle	C1	zirve	The discovery represented the pinnacle of the researcher’s career. The journal Nature is considered the pinnacle of publication venues in many fields.
assess	B2	değerlendirmek	The questionnaire was used to assess quality of life in the patients. The committee will assess the grant proposals based on innovation and feasibility.
hereditary	B2	kalıtsal	The disease follows a hereditary pattern consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. Hereditary factors accounted for approximately 50% of the variance in the trait.
architectural	B2	mimari	The architectural design of the new laboratory promotes collaboration and safety. The architectural features of the protein include alpha helices and beta sheets.
congest	C1	tıkamak / sıkıştırmak	The airways become congested with mucus during an asthma attack. The network was congested with data traffic, slowing the transfer of large files.
incorporate	B2	dahil etmek / birleştirmek	The revised model will incorporate the effects of temperature and humidity. The researcher incorporates feedback from colleagues before submitting the manuscript.
viewpoint	B2	bakış açısı	From an ecological viewpoint, the intervention is justified. The review article presents multiple viewpoints on the controversial issue.
dispel	C1	gidermek / dağıtmak	The new data dispel any lingering doubt about the efficacy of the vaccine. The researcher attempted to dispel the myth that the chemical is carcinogenic.
evaluate	B2	değerlendirmek	The committee will evaluate the reproducibility of the published results. The technician evaluates the instrument performance daily using a standard sample.
temper	C1	yumuşatmak / ılımlılaştırmak	The researcher must temper enthusiasm for the findings with appropriate caution about limitations. The alloy is tempered to increase its toughness without sacrificing strength.
thorough	B2	kapsamlı / titiz	The thorough literature review identified 150 relevant studies. A thorough examination of the equipment revealed no defects.
eliminate	B2	ortadan kaldırmak	The purification step will eliminate contaminating proteins from the sample. The researcher sought to eliminate all sources of bias in the experimental design.
strain	B2	zorlamak / suş	The bacterial strain used in the experiment is resistant to ampicillin. The researcher took care not to strain the delicate optical fiber during installation.
lethal	B2	öldürücü	The lethal dose (LD50) of the compound is 200 mg per kilogram of body weight. A lethal combination of genetic mutations caused embryonic death.
volatile	C2	uçucu / değişken	The solvent is highly volatile and evaporates rapidly at room temperature. The political situation in the region was volatile, complicating the fieldwork.
formaldehyde	B2	formaldehit	Formaldehyde is used as a fixative to preserve tissue structure for histology. The researcher worked in a fume hood when handling formaldehyde to avoid inhalation.
spark	B2	kıvılcım / tetiklemek	The electrical spark ignited the flammable gas mixture. The discovery sparked a wave of new research into the molecular pathway.
airtight	B2	hava geçirmez	The samples were stored in airtight containers to prevent oxidation. The seal on the reactor must be airtight to maintain anaerobic conditions.
meaningful	B2	anlamlı	The difference of 0.5% was statistically significant but not clinically meaningful. The study produced a meaningful dataset that will be reused by other researchers.
blast	B2	patlama / rüzgar	The blast from the explosion damaged the nearby instruments. The researcher used a blast of compressed air to clean the optical surfaces.
drawback	B2	dezavantaj / sakınca	A major drawback of the method is its high cost per sample. The drawback of using a small sample size is low statistical power.
scope	B2	kapsam / olanak	The scope of the review includes all studies published since 2010. The microscope has a scope of adjustment for both fine and coarse focus.
fodder	C1	yem (hayvan)	The corn silage is used as fodder for the livestock on the research farm. The preliminary results became fodder for the media’s sensationalized reporting.
foodstuff	B2	gıda maddesi	The foodstuff was analyzed for its protein and fat content. Fermentation of various foodstuffs produces organic acids and alcohols.
livestock	B2	çiftlik hayvanları	The livestock were housed in controlled conditions for the nutritional study. Antibiotic use in livestock contributes to the spread of resistant bacteria.
temperate	B2	ılıman	The temperate zone experiences four distinct seasons with moderate rainfall. The temperate climate of the region allows year-round outdoor research activities.
continental	B2	kıtasal	Continental climates are characterized by large seasonal temperature variations. The continental drift hypothesis was later superseded by plate tectonics theory.
enforce	B2	uygulamak / yürürlüğe koymak	The institution must enforce compliance with animal welfare regulations. The reviewer will enforce the journal’s policy on data availability.
graze	B2	otlamak	The cattle graze on the pasture, affecting plant community composition. The laser beam will graze the surface of the sample without penetrating deeply.
stall	B2	durmak / saplanmak / tezgah	The research project stalled due to lack of funding. The stall in progress frustrated the early-career researcher.
emphasis	B2	vurgu	The course places strong emphasis on experimental design and statistical reasoning. The authors placed emphasis on the replicability of their findings.
commodity	C1	meta	The price of the chemical commodity fluctuated with global supply and demand. Data has become a valuable commodity in the modern research landscape.
criterion	B2	kriter	Inclusion criterion for the study was age between 18 and 65 years. The primary criterion for success was a reduction in symptom severity.
chronological	B2	kronolojik	The results are presented in chronological order according to the date of each experiment. The chronological sequence of fossil layers allows relative dating of specimens.
subtle	C1	ince / hafif	There was a subtle but consistent difference between the two groups. The subtle shift in the absorption spectrum indicated a conformational change.
retrieve	B2	geri almak / almak	The software will retrieve the data from the archived backup. The robot can retrieve samples from the -80°C freezer without human assistance.
synesthesia	C1	sinestezi	The neurological condition synesthesia causes cross-modal perceptions, such as seeing colors when hearing music. The study used fMRI to investigate brain connectivity in individuals with synesthesia.
couple	B2	bağlamak / çift	The researcher will couple the fluorophore to the antibody using a crosslinking reagent. The couple of variables showed a strong positive correlation.
supernatural	C1	doğaüstü	The study did not investigate supernatural explanations, limiting itself to natural phenomena. Belief in supernatural entities was correlated with certain cognitive biases.
gratitude	B2	minnet / şükran	The authors expressed their gratitude to the study participants for their time. The acknowledgment section of the paper listed those to whom gratitude was owed.
combat	B2	savaşmak / mücadele etmek	The new drug is designed to combat multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Public health campaigns aim to combat the spread of misinformation.
extravagant	C1	aşırı / savurgan	The extravagant claims of the study were not supported by the modest data. The proposal requested extravagant funding for non-essential equipment.
dismissive	C1	küçümseyen / reddedici	The reviewer was dismissive of the alternative hypothesis without examining the evidence. The senior researcher was dismissive of the junior scientist’s concerns about contamination.
dissatisfaction	B2	memnuniyetsizlik	There was widespread dissatisfaction with the journal’s slow review process. The participant reported dissatisfaction with the randomization assignment.
decay	B2	çürümek / bozunmak	The radioactive isotope decays into a stable daughter product over time. The organic matter began to decay rapidly in the warm, moist environment.
waterlogged	C1	suya doymuş	The waterlogged soil prevented root aeration and stunted plant growth. The waterlogged archaeological wood required special conservation treatment.
emit	B2	yaymak	The fluorescent molecule emits light at 520 nm when excited at 488 nm. The volcano emits sulfur dioxide and ash particles into the atmosphere.
spiritual	B2	manevi / ruhani	The study examined the relationship between spiritual practices and mental health outcomes. The patients reported spiritual experiences that they attributed to the meditation intervention.
antidote	C1	panzehir	The researcher administered the specific antidote to reverse the effects of the organophosphate poisoning. There is no known antidote for the neurotoxin, only supportive care.
exalted	C1	yüceltilmiş / yüksek mertebedeki	The exalted status of the journal made it highly competitive for publication. In some ancient cultures, the priesthood held an exalted position with authority over scientific observation.
vague	B2	belirsiz / muğlak	The protocol contained vague instructions that led to variability across experimenters. The patient reported vague abdominal discomfort without specific localization.
serene	C1	sakin / huzurlu	The serene conditions of the early morning were optimal for the sensitive acoustic measurements. The subject remained serene throughout the scanning session, minimizing motion artifacts.
pacify	C1	yatıştırmak / sakinleştirmek	The sedative was administered to pacify the animal during the imaging procedure. The mediator attempted to pacify the dispute between the two research groups over authorship.
praise	B2	övmek / övgü	The reviewers praised the study for its rigorous methodology and transparent reporting. The researcher received praise from colleagues for sharing the raw data publicly.
adjacent	B2	bitişik / yanındaki	The adjacent wells on the microplate were used as technical replicates. The gene is located on the chromosome adjacent to a known regulatory element.
tremendous	B2	muazzam / çok büyük	The new telescope offers a tremendous improvement in angular resolution over its predecessor. The team invested a tremendous amount of effort in optimizing the reaction conditions.
plateau	C1	plato / duraklama dönemi	The reaction rate reached a plateau after 30 minutes as the substrate was depleted. The population size remained on a plateau for several generations before declining.
colonial	B2	sömürge / koloni	Colonial administration often disrupted traditional land management practices. The colonial organisms formed large, branching structures visible to the naked eye.
capitalism	B2	kapitalizm	The relationship between capitalism and scientific innovation is complex and multifaceted. Under capitalism, market forces may influence the direction of pharmaceutical research.
unpack	B2	açmak / çözmek	The researcher will unpack the assumptions underlying the statistical model in the discussion section. The technician carefully unpacked the delicate instrument from its shipping container.
storehouse	C1	depo / hazine	The GenBank database serves as a storehouse of genetic sequence information. The cell uses lipids as a storehouse of metabolic energy.
hybrid	B2	melez / hibrit	The hybrid vehicle combines an internal combustion engine with an electric motor. The hybrid species showed intermediate traits between the two parent populations.
enumerate	C1	saymak / sıralamak	The methods section enumerates each step of the purification protocol. The researcher will enumerate the bacterial colonies on each plate.
anonymous	B2	anonim	The survey responses were collected anonymously to encourage honest reporting. The anonymous peer reviewer provided constructive criticism of the manuscript.
hesitate	B2	tereddüt etmek	The researcher did not hesitate to report the unexpected negative result. The subject hesitated before responding to the more difficult questions on the task.
reluctant	B2	isteksiz / gönülsüz	The principal investigator was reluctant to share the raw data before publication. The ethics committee was reluctant to approve the study without additional safeguards.
accountable	C1	sorumlu / hesap verebilir	The lead author is accountable for the integrity of the entire study. The funding agency held the researchers accountable for meeting the proposed milestones.
barrier	B2	engel / bariyer	The blood-brain barrier restricts the passage of many drugs into the central nervous system. Language differences posed a barrier to effective collaboration between the international teams.
confirm	B2	doğrulamak	The follow-up study was designed to confirm the initial findings using a larger sample. The Western blot results confirm the presence of the protein at the expected molecular weight.
extrasolar	C1	güneş dışı / başka yıldız sistemine ait	The detection of an extrasolar planet in the habitable zone generated significant interest. The composition of extrasolar atmospheres is studied using transit spectroscopy.
loyal	B2	sadık	The research assistant remained loyal to the project despite the challenging working conditions. The animal model showed loyal preference for the previously rewarded stimulus.
dissolve	B2	çözmek / dağılmak	The salt will dissolve completely in the aqueous buffer solution. The partnership began to dissolve after disagreements over data ownership.
inception	C1	başlangıç	The project has been funded since its inception in 2015. The study design was flawed from inception due to inadequate blinding.
avalanche	C1	çığ	The avalanche of new sequencing data overwhelmed the existing analysis pipelines. The seismic trigger caused an avalanche of snow that buried the field equipment.
slope	B2	eğim / yamaç	The slope of the dose-response curve indicates the sensitivity of the assay. The researchers established monitoring stations on the eastern slope of the volcano.
pile	B2	yığın / birikinti	The technician sorted through the pile of samples to locate the correct tube. The sediment pile at the core of the delta accumulated over millennia.
comprise	B2	oluşmak / içermek	The experimental group comprises 50 subjects with the condition of interest. The genome is comprised of both coding and non-coding DNA sequences.
constrain	C1	kısıtlamak / sınırlamak	The small sample size constrains the generalizability of the conclusions. The experimental setup constrains the animal’s movement to a defined arena.
inanimate	C1	cansız	The study compared responses to animate versus inanimate objects in the visual cortex. The inanimate control stimuli consisted of scrambled images with no recognizable form.
segregate	C1	ayırmak / ayrıştırmak	The centrifuge will segregate the cellular components based on density. The researcher segregates the data by sex to examine potential differences.
exhaust	B2	tüketmek / bitirmek / egzoz	The reaction will exhaust the limiting reagent after approximately two hours. The vehicle’s exhaust emissions were analyzed for particulate matter content.
debris	B2	enkaz / döküntü	The landslide deposited a large amount of rock debris across the sampling transect. The technician removed cellular debris from the lysate by centrifugation.
superficial	B2	yüzeysel	The superficial layers of the skin are composed of stratified squamous epithelium. The analysis was only superficial and failed to identify the underlying mechanism.
eccentric	C1	eksantrik / tuhaf	The planet’s orbit is highly eccentric, bringing it close to the star and then far away. The researcher was known for eccentric but productive approaches to problem-solving.
participate	B2	katılmak	All subjects provided consent before agreeing to participate in the study. The patient was unable to participate in the follow-up due to moving out of the region.
equator	B2	ekvator	The equator receives more direct solar radiation than higher latitudes. The biodiversity of many groups peaks near the equator and declines toward the poles.
spectrum	B2	spektrum / tayf	The emission spectrum of the star showed absorption lines corresponding to various elements. The study examined the full spectrum of disease severity from mild to critical.
descend	B2	inmek / alçalmak	The probe will descend through the atmosphere of Titan, collecting data at multiple altitudes. The researcher descended into the cave to collect mineral samples.
baboon	B2	babun	The baboon troop exhibited complex social hierarchies that influenced access to resources. The baboon model has been used to study the effects of chronic stress on health.
arise	B2	ortaya çıkmak / doğmak	Several methodological problems arise when using self-reported data. The need for a new classification system arose from the accumulation of contradictory findings.
roam	B2	dolaşmak / gezmek	The satellite tracked how the animals roam across the savanna during the dry season. The researcher allowed the subject to roam freely within the designated enclosure.
residential	B2	konut / yerleşim	The study was conducted in a residential facility where participants lived for the duration. The residential neighborhood was chosen due to its proximity to the hospital.
deem	B2	saymak / değerlendirmek	The ethics committee deemed the risk level as minimal and approved the study. The reviewer deemed the manuscript unsuitable for publication in its current form.
juvenile	B2	genç / yavru	The juvenile animals grew rapidly during the first six months after birth. Juvenile offenders were excluded from the adult study population.
savvy	C1	kavrayışlı / bilgili	The savvy researcher preregistered the study to protect against criticism of p-hacking. Data management requires technical savvy and attention to detail.
imprison	B2	hapsetmek	The convicted fraudster was imprisoned for fabricating clinical trial data. The cells were imprisoned within the hydrogel matrix for three-dimensional culture.
undetermined	C1	belirlenmemiş	The mechanism of action remains undetermined and requires further investigation. The sample’s exact age is undetermined due to contamination of the dating material.
resurgence	C1	yeniden canlanma	The field has seen a resurgence of interest following the development of new tools. There has been a resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases due to declining immunization rates.
suite	B2	takım / süit / dizi	The software suite includes modules for data acquisition, analysis, and visualization. The patient was treated in a suite of rooms dedicated to sleep studies.
discourse	C1	söylem	The scientific discourse surrounding the topic has evolved considerably over the past decade. The conference provided a forum for civil discourse between competing research groups.
abstract	B2	soyut / özet	The abstract of the paper summarizes the key findings in 250 words. The concept of justice is abstract and difficult to operationalize for empirical study.
turmoil	C1	kargaşa	The laboratory was in turmoil after the sudden departure of the principal investigator. Political turmoil in the region disrupted the long-term ecological monitoring program.
matriarch	C1	ana / aile reisi kadın	The elephant matriarch led the herd to a previously visited water source. The matriarch of the research dynasty trained three generations of distinguished scientists.
natal	C1	doğum / doğduğu	The birds returned to their natal territory after the winter migration. The study compared natal and adult dispersal patterns in the population.
mature	B2	olgun / yetişkin / olgunlaşmak	The mature neurons expressed markers not present in progenitor cells. The field has matured considerably since the early exploratory studies.
disgust	B2	iğrenme / tiksinti	The subject rated facial expressions of disgust as highly aversive. The researcher expressed disgust at the ethical violations documented in the retracted paper.
advocate	B2	savunuculuk yapmak / savunucu	The authors advocate for stricter standards in statistical reporting. She is a strong advocate of open access publishing and data sharing.
redeem	C1	telafi etmek / kurtarmak	The well-designed control group redeemed an otherwise flawed study. The researcher attempted to redeem the failed experiment by reanalyzing the data post-hoc.
surgeon	B2	cerrah	The surgeon performed the implant procedure under sterile conditions in the operating theater. The lead surgeon collaborated with engineers to design the novel prosthetic device.
plaque	B2	plak (diş/arter) / plaket	The accumulation of arterial plaque restricts blood flow and increases risk of infarction. The researcher received a commemorative plaque for 25 years of service.
inhibit	B2	engellemek / inhibe etmek	The drug will inhibit the enzyme’s activity by binding to the active site. The presence of the mutation inhibits proper protein folding.
underscore	C1	vurgulamak / altını çizmek	The findings underscore the importance of blinding in clinical trials. The authors underscore that the results may not generalize to other populations.
payoff	C1	getiri / sonuç	The payoff of the large sample size was narrow confidence intervals. The payoff from the long-term study was a dataset of exceptional value.
hurdle	C1	engel	A major hurdle to translation is the poor solubility of the compound. The team overcame the hurdle of low expression by optimizing the codon usage.
culprit	C1	suçlu / sorumlu	The culprit responsible for the contamination was identified as a dirty pipette tip. The gene is the likely culprit based on its known function and expression pattern.
inconclusive	B2	sonuçsuz / kesin olmayan	The results were inconclusive, failing to reject or support the hypothesis. The evidence from the meta-analysis remains inconclusive due to high heterogeneity.
adequate	B2	yeterli	The sample size was adequate to detect a moderate effect with 80% power. The ventilation system provided adequate protection against chemical vapors.
vantage	C1	avantaj / bakış noktası	From a clinical vantage, the small effect size is not meaningful. The hilltop offered a good vantage for observing the animal behavior in the valley below.
pose	B2	oluşturmak / sormak / poz vermek	The chemical poses a significant health risk if inhaled. The researcher will pose a question to the audience after presenting the data.
scrutiny	C1	inceleme / mercek altına alma	The study’s methods were subjected to intense scrutiny during peer review. The raw data are available for independent scrutiny by other researchers.
utopia	C1	ütopya	The concept of a scientific utopia where all results are reproducible remains aspirational. The philosopher described a utopia governed by reason and empirical evidence.
equation	B2	denklem	The equation E=mc² relates energy to mass and the speed of light. The regression equation accounted for 65% of the variance in the outcome.
thorny	C1	dikenli / zor	The issue of authorship order remains a thorny problem in collaborative research. The committee addressed the thorny question of how to handle conflicting results.
treaty	B2	anlaşma / antlaşma	The international treaty banned the production of certain ozone-depleting substances. The research collaboration was formalized by a bilateral treaty between the two countries.
jurisdiction	C1	yargı yetkisi	The ethics committee has jurisdiction over all studies conducted at the institution. The data fell outside the jurisdiction of the national regulatory agency.
albeit	C1	gerçi / her ne kadar	The result was statistically significant, albeit with a small effect size. The method is reproducible, albeit only under carefully controlled conditions.
altitude	B2	irtifa / yükseklik	The oxygen saturation decreased as the research team ascended to higher altitude. The drone collected atmospheric samples at an altitude of 200 meters.
inborn	C1	doğuştan	The inborn error of metabolism was detected by newborn screening. The trait is inborn and not influenced by environmental factors after birth.
plague	B2	veba / rahatsız etmek	The plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, devastated European populations in the 14th century. The study was plagued by high dropout rates and missing data.
afflict	C1	rahatsız etmek / muzdarip olmak	The condition afflicts approximately 1 in 5000 live births. The elderly population is disproportionately afflicted by the disease.
passive	B2	pasif / edilgen	The passive transport of molecules across the membrane requires no energy input. The control group received a passive intervention with no active component.
transparent	B2	şeffaf	The culture vessel is made of transparent polystyrene for easy visual inspection. The review process should be transparent, with clear criteria and disclosed conflicts.
fluorescent	B2	floresan	The fluorescent dye emits light at 520 nm when excited at 488 nm. The fluorescent signal was proportional to the concentration of the target molecule.
tinge	C1	hafif renk / ton	The solution had a faint yellow tinge due to the presence of the impurity. The researcher noted a blue tinge in the control wells, indicating contamination.
senile	C1	bunak / yaşlılığa ait	The term senile is no longer preferred; age-related cognitive decline is more precise. Senile plaques composed of amyloid-beta accumulate in the brains of affected individuals.
congenital	C1	doğuştan / konjenital	The congenital anomaly was detected on the routine ultrasound. Congenital heart defects are the most common type of birth defect.
inherit	B2	miras almak / kalıtım yoluyla almak	The offspring will inherit one copy of the gene from each parent. The researcher inherited the laboratory and its equipment from the retiring professor.
ultraviolet	B2	ultraviyole	The ultraviolet absorbance of the sample was measured at 260 nanometers to quantify nucleic acids. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation causes DNA damage and increases skin cancer risk.
verify	B2	doğrulamak	The independent laboratory will verify the reported results before publication. The technician verifyied that the instrument was calibrated before each use.
moisture	B2	nem	The moisture content of the soil was measured gravimetrically after drying at 105°C. The desiccator protects hygroscopic compounds from atmospheric moisture.
pivotal	C1	kilit / merkezi	The pivotal trial led to regulatory approval of the new drug. The discovery of restriction enzymes was a pivotal moment in molecular biology.
terrestrial	B2	karasal / yeryüzüne ait	Terrestrial ecosystems store more carbon than the atmosphere. The terrestrial planet has a solid surface, unlike the gas giants.
bloodthirsty	C1	kana susamış	The bloodthirsty depiction of the predator in popular media is often exaggerated. The bloodthirsty reputation of the species is not supported by field observations.
pillage	C1	yağmalamak	The invading forces pillaged the museum, destroying irreplaceable specimens. The pillage of archaeological sites removes artifacts from their scientific context.
venture	C2	girişim / riskli iş	The research venture required significant upfront investment with uncertain returns. The team decided to venture into a completely new area of investigation.
plunder	C1	yağma / talan	The plunder of natural resources by colonial powers had lasting ecological impacts. The illegal plunder of fossil sites deprives scientists of valuable context.
phonetic	C1	fonetik	The phonetic transcription system allows precise representation of speech sounds. The researcher used phonetic cues to categorize the bird’s vocalizations.
syllable	B2	hece	The response time was measured from the onset of the first syllable of the spoken word. The task required participants to count the number of syllables in each word.
comply	B2	uymak / yerine getirmek	The laboratory must comply with all biosafety level 2 requirements. The manufacturer failed to comply with the reporting deadline for adverse events.
inept	C1	beceriksiz / yetersiz	The inept handling of the centrifuge led to rotor imbalance and damage. The reviewer’s inept critique missed the main contribution of the paper.
pinpoint	C1	tam olarak belirlemek	The study aimed to pinpoint the genetic locus responsible for the trait. The imaging technique can pinpoint the location of the tumor with sub-millimeter accuracy.
determinable	C1	belirlenebilir	The age of the sample was not determinable using carbon dating due to contamination. The cause of the artifact is determinable through controlled replication experiments.
pandemic	B2	pandemi	The WHO declared the outbreak a pandemic when it had spread to multiple continents. The pandemic accelerated the development of mRNA vaccine technology.
seclude	C1	izole etmek / inzivaya çekilmek	The researcher secluded himself in the field station to complete the data analysis. The animals were secluded from human contact for the duration of the experiment.
ascendancy	C2	üstünlük / egemenlik	The theory gained ascendancy after a series of confirming studies were published. The ascendancy of the molecular approach eclipsed the earlier morphological methods.
frenzy	C1	çılgınlık / heyecan	The announcement of the breakthrough caused a media frenzy. The animals fed in a frenzy when food was introduced after the fasting period.
taunt	C1	alay etmek	The subordinate researchers did not taunt the postdoc for the failed experiment, offering support instead. The subject ignored the taunt and continued with the task.
undeveloped	B2	gelişmemiş	The undeveloped land served as a reference site for the restoration project. The undeveloped regions of the genome were once considered junk DNA.
disparaging	C1	küçümseyen / aşağılayıcı	The disparaging comments of the reviewer were unprofessional and unhelpful. The researcher avoided disparaging language when discussing competing hypotheses.
disrupt	B2	aksatmak / bozmak	The power outage disrupted the overnight data collection. The mutation disrupts the binding site for the transcription factor.
reconnaissance	C1	keşif	The satellite provides reconnaissance of remote areas for geological mapping. The initial reconnaissance trip assessed the feasibility of the field study.
representative	B2	temsilci / temsili	The sample is representative of the general population in terms of age and sex. The representative from the funding agency visited the laboratory for a site review.
undermine	B2	baltalamak / zayıflatmak	The revelation of data fabrication undermines trust in the entire research group. The conflicting results undermine the original conclusion of the meta-analysis.
master	B2	ustalaşmak / ana	The student worked to master the technique of patch-clamp recording. The master cell bank was stored in multiple freezers for security.
creamy	B1	kremamsı	The solution became creamy in appearance as the emulsion formed. The creamy texture of the medium indicated bacterial growth.
crispy	B1	gevrek	The freeze-dried samples were crispy and easily ground into powder. The crispy outer layer of the leaf cuticle was visible under the microscope.
populace	C1	halk / nüfus	The populace of the coastal region was evacuated before the hurricane made landfall. The study surveyed the general populace to assess vaccine hesitancy.
vernacular	C1	yerel dil / konuşma dili	The vernacular names for plants often vary significantly between regions. The researcher translated the consent form into the local vernacular.
health	B2	sağlık	The study examined the long-term health outcomes of the intervention. Environmental factors play a crucial role in determining population health.
sparing	C1	tutumlu / az kullanan	The protocol is sparing in its use of expensive reagents. The researcher was sparing with the antibody due to its high cost.
awkward	B2	garip / beceriksiz	The participant’s awkward grip on the tool affected the force measurement. The timing of the equipment failure was awkward, occurring just before the deadline.
barring	C1	…dışında / …olmadıkça	Barring unforeseen equipment failure, the experiment will be completed on schedule. Barring a major error, the results should be available within two weeks.
heliocentric	C1	güneş merkezli	The heliocentric model proposed by Copernicus placed the Sun at the center of the solar system. The transition from geocentric to heliocentric thinking revolutionized astronomy.
specify	B2	belirtmek	The protocol must specify the temperature, duration, and buffer composition for each step. The authors failed to specify whether the study was preregistered.
reform	B2	reform / yenilik	The proposed reform of peer review includes open reports and published reviewer identities. The graduate curriculum underwent a major reform to include reproducible research practices.
mutual	B2	karşılıklı	The two proteins have a mutual regulatory relationship, each inhibiting the other’s expression. The mutual exclusivity of the two diagnoses was confirmed by the clinical data.
interdependent	C1	birbirine bağımlı	The species exhibit an interdependent relationship; neither can survive without the other. The organs of the body are interdependent, and failure of one affects the entire system.
martial	C1	savaşla ilgili / askeri	The martial culture of the ancient society influenced its territorial expansion. The study examined martial metaphors in scientific discourse about immunology.
redirect	C1	yönlendirmek / başka yöne çevirmek	The surgeon will redirect blood flow using a vascular graft. The funding agency decided to redirect resources toward high-priority areas.
correlate	B2	ilişkilendirmek / korelasyon göstermek	The study found that stress levels correlate positively with cortisol concentration. The two variables correlate significantly, but causation remains unproven.
feudal	B2	feodal	The feudal system was characterized by land ownership in exchange for military service. Feudal land tenure patterns influenced modern agricultural boundaries.
predecessor	B2	öncül / selef	The new instrument has higher sensitivity than its predecessor. The predecessor study failed to account for a critical confounding variable.
premature	B2	erken / vaktinden önce	The infant was born at 32 weeks, considered premature. The researchers’ conclusion was premature given the limited sample size.
potent	B2	güçlü / etkili	The compound is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme, with an IC50 in the nanomolar range. The potent odor of the chemical required handling in a fume hood.
abrupt	B2	ani / sert	The abrupt change in temperature caused the cells to undergo thermal shock. The study ended with an abrupt halt due to loss of funding.
incessant	C1	aralıksız / sürekli	The incessant background noise interfered with the acoustic measurements. The subject reported incessant ringing in the ears, a symptom of tinnitus.
inseparable	C1	ayrılmaz	The two signaling pathways are inseparable in their regulation of cell division. In ecology, the organism and its environment are inseparable.
domesticate	C1	evcilleştirmek	Humans began to domesticate wolves approximately 15,000 years ago. The attempt to domesticate the wild species for laboratory use was unsuccessful.
cumulative	B2	kümülatif / birikimli	The cumulative dose of the drug over six months was associated with toxicity. The cumulative effect of small measurement errors can be substantial.
mechanism	B2	mekanizma	The molecular mechanism underlying the disease involves protein misfolding. The proposed mechanism explains how the mutation leads to loss of function.
forethought	C1	öngörü / ileriyi görme	The success of the longitudinal study required considerable forethought in planning. The researcher lacked the forethought to include a control group.
majesty	C1	ihtişam / haşmet	The majesty of the mountain range was captured in the satellite imagery. The review praised the majesty of the theory’s explanatory power.
tier	B2	katman / basamak	The data were organized into three tiers based on quality and completeness. The clinical trial had a two-tier recruitment strategy.
prowess	C1	ustalık / maharet	The researcher’s technical prowess in single-cell sequencing was widely recognized. The animal demonstrated remarkable prowess in navigating the maze.
fierce	B2	şiddetli / kıyasıya	The competition for tenure-track positions is fierce in the current academic climate. The predator launched a fierce attack on the anesthetized prey.
diverge	B2	ayrılmak / farklılaşmak	The two species diverged from a common ancestor approximately five million years ago. The results of the two experiments diverge significantly at higher concentrations.
impair	B2	bozmak / zarar vermek	The mutation impairs the function of the ion channel, leading to disease. Sleep deprivation can impair cognitive performance and reaction time.
conjunction	B2	birlikte / birleşim	The drug is used in conjunction with radiation therapy for enhanced efficacy. The conjunction of multiple risk factors increases the probability of the outcome.
irrational	B2	mantıksız	It is irrational to conclude causality from a purely correlational study. The subject’s fear of the harmless stimulus was irrational and persisted despite deconditioning.
abnormal	B2	anormal	The blood test revealed abnormal liver enzyme levels requiring further investigation. Abnormal cell division leads to uncontrolled proliferation and tumor formation.
catastrophe	C1	felaket	The oil spill was an environmental catastrophe with long-lasting effects on marine life. The model predicted a catastrophe if the tipping point is crossed.
outpatient	B2	ayakta tedavi gören hasta	The patient was treated as an outpatient and did not require hospital admission. The outpatient clinic provided follow-up care after the initial diagnosis.
predation	C1	yırtıcılık / avlanma	Predation by invasive species is a major driver of native population decline. The study quantified the rate of predation on insect larvae in the agricultural field.
invertebrate	B2	omurgasız	Invertebrate animals, such as insects and mollusks, lack a vertebral column. The invertebrate model organism C. elegans has a fully mapped connectome.
deprive	B2	yoksun bırakmak	The experiment will deprive the animals of water for 12 hours before testing. To deprive the cells of oxygen, the chamber was flushed with nitrogen.
spatial	B2	uzamsal / mekansal	The spatial resolution of the MRI is 1 millimeter in each dimension. The spatial distribution of the species was mapped using GPS coordinates.
orient	B2	yönelmek / yönlendirmek	The researcher will orient the crystal to the X-ray beam for data collection. The participant was asked to orient the map so that north pointed upward.
obstruct	B2	tıkamak / engellemek	The plaque will obstruct the coronary artery, reducing blood flow. A large rock obstructed the path to the sampling site.
apnea	C1	apne / solunum durması	The patient was diagnosed with sleep apnea based on polysomnography findings. Central apnea results from failure of the brain to signal the respiratory muscles.
befriend	B2	arkadaş olmak	The researcher sought to befriend the local community to facilitate fieldwork access. The subject attempted to befriend the other participants in the waiting room.
adjunct	C1	yardımcı / ek	The antibody was used as an adjunct to the primary therapy to enhance efficacy. The statistical method served as an adjunct to the main analysis for sensitivity checking.
mock	B2	alay etmek / taklit etmek	The researchers used a mock injection as a placebo control. The reviewer did not mock the authors but offered constructive criticism.
moratorium	C1	moratoryum / durdurma	The committee imposed a moratorium on the use of the controversial chemical. A moratorium on new clinical trials was enacted pending safety review.
guise	C1	kılık / görünüm	Under the guise of quality control, the data were manipulated to favor the hypothesis. The pathogen evades the immune system in the guise of a harmless molecule.
marketable	C1	pazarlanabilir	The researcher’s skills in bioinformatics are highly marketable in the biotechnology industry. The invention proved marketable after successful clinical trials.
patriotism	B2	vatanseverlik	The study examined the correlation between patriotism and support for science funding. The scientist’s patriotism motivated her to work on neglected tropical diseases.
brink	C1	eşik / kenar	The species is on the brink of extinction due to habitat loss. The research team was on the brink of a breakthrough when funding was cut.
rapid	B2	hızlı	The rapid spread of the virus overwhelmed the public health system. The reaction produced a rapid color change from blue to yellow.
inexhaustible	C1	tükenmez	The researcher’s patience seemed inexhaustible during the tedious data cleaning process. Solar energy is an inexhaustible resource on human timescales.
botany	B2	botanik	Botany is the scientific study of plant life, including physiology and taxonomy. The botany collection at the herbarium contains over 200,000 specimens.
intersect	B2	kesişmek	The fields of neuroscience and artificial intelligence intersect in the study of learning algorithms. The two line transects intersect at a point marked by a permanent stake.
tribute	B2	övgü / haraç	The review article paid tribute to the pioneering work of the early researchers. The collection of essays serves as a tribute to the late professor’s influence.
navigate	B2	yön bulmak / seyretmek	The robot can navigate through the maze using infrared sensors. The ship navigates through ice-covered waters with the help of satellite data.
machinery	B2	makine / mekanizma	The cellular machinery responsible for protein synthesis includes ribosomes and tRNAs. The heavy machinery required for the excavation was transported by road.
cite	B2	alıntı yapmak	The authors cite 45 references in their literature review. The researcher failed to cite a prior study that reported similar findings.
dysfunction	B2	işlev bozukluğu	The dysfunction of the mitochondria leads to reduced ATP production. The study investigated the relationship between sleep dysfunction and metabolic disease.
bilateral	C1	iki taraflı	The patient had bilateral knee pain affecting both joints equally. The bilateral agreement facilitated data sharing between the two countries.
multilateral	C1	çok taraflı	The multilateral funding consortium supported the international clinical trial. The multilateral collaboration involved institutions from six different countries.
instrumental	C1	etkili / aracılık eden	The new technique was instrumental in identifying the rare cell population. The mentor was instrumental in shaping the young scientist’s career.
proponent	C1	savunucu	The author is a leading proponent of the hypothesis that the disease has an autoimmune origin. The proponents of the alternative theory presented compelling counter-evidence.
employ	B2	kullanmak / istihdam etmek	The study will employ a double-blind, placebo-controlled design. The laboratory employs three full-time research assistants.
repetitive	B2	tekrarlayıcı	The repetitive nature of the pipetting task increased the risk of human error. The genome contains repetitive sequences that complicate assembly.
cornea	B2	kornea	The cornea is the transparent front layer of the eye that refracts light. The cornea receives oxygen directly from the atmosphere rather than from blood vessels.
forage	C1	yiyecek aramak	The bees forage for nectar within a radius of two kilometers from the hive. The forage quality of the pasture declined during the dry season.
indicate	B2	belirtmek / göstermek	The results indicate a strong association between the two variables. The arrow on the dial indicates the current pressure reading.
methodical	C1	metodik / sistemli	The researcher took a methodical approach to troubleshooting the failed experiment. The methodical documentation of each step ensured reproducibility.
sticky	B2	yapışkan	The sticky ends of the DNA fragments facilitate ligation into the plasmid. The adhesive left a sticky residue on the glass slides.
culinary	B2	mutfak / yemek pişirme	The culinary properties of the spice include its flavor and preservative effects. The study examined the culinary practices of the region from an anthropological perspective.
staple	B2	temel gıda / başlıca	Rice is a dietary staple for more than half of the global population. The staple crop was genetically modified to increase its nutritional content.
cuisine	B2	mutfak (yemek kültürü)	The local cuisine incorporates ingredients foraged from the surrounding forest. The study analyzed the nutritional profile of traditional Mediterranean cuisine.
pipeline	B2	boru hattı / iş akışı	The data analysis pipeline consists of alignment, filtering, and variant calling steps. The drug development pipeline includes several promising candidates for the disease.
arthritis	B2	artrit / eklem iltihabı	Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition causing joint inflammation and pain. The patient was diagnosed with osteoarthritis, a degenerative form of arthritis.
vascular	B2	damar / vasküler	The vascular system transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Vascular dementia results from reduced blood flow to the brain.
decode	C1	çözmek / deşifre etmek	The algorithm will decode the genetic sequence into its corresponding amino acid chain. The researchers aim to decode the neural signals associated with hand movement.
appreciate	B2	takdir etmek / anlamak	The scientific community appreciates the importance of replication studies. The student failed to appreciate the statistical power implications of the small sample size.
compel	B2	zorlamak	The evidence does not compel the acceptance of the controversial hypothesis. The ethical guidelines compel the researcher to report any adverse events.
prognosis	C1	prognoz / hastalığın seyir tahmini	The prognosis for patients with early-stage disease is excellent with treatment. The biomarker is a strong predictor of poor prognosis.
enroll	B2	kaydetmek	The study will enroll 500 participants over a 12-month period. The patient was enrolled in the trial after providing informed consent.
comet	B2	kuyruklu yıldız	The comet orbits the Sun with a period of 76 years. The composition of the comet was analyzed by the spacecraft’s mass spectrometer.
coincidence	B2	tesadüf	The simultaneous discovery by two independent laboratories was a remarkable coincidence. The correlation may be due to chance coincidence rather than causation.
gloomy	B2	kasvetli / karamsar	The gloomy economic forecast reduced funding for scientific research. The outlook for the species remains gloomy without immediate conservation action.
retrograde	C1	geriye doğru / tersine	Mars appears to undergo retrograde motion when Earth passes it in its orbit. The decision represents a retrograde step for open access publishing.
elliptical	C1	eliptik	The planet follows an elliptical orbit with the star at one focus. The elliptical shape of the galaxy was determined from photometric measurements.
probe	B2	araştırmak / sonda	The spacecraft will probe the atmosphere of Jupiter using a descent probe. The antibody was used as a molecular probe to detect the protein in tissue sections.
sweeten	B1	tatlandırmak	The researcher did not sweeten the conclusions to make them more palatable to reviewers. The compound is used to sweeten the culture medium without affecting cell growth.
wreak	C1	neden olmak / yol açmak	The virus can wreak havoc on the immune system by depleting T cells. The invasive species wreaked significant damage on the native ecosystem.
havoc	C1	yıkım / felaket	The earthquake wreaked havoc on the research station, destroying equipment. The software bug caused havoc in the data processing pipeline.
calcify	C1	kireçlenmek / kalsifiye olmak	The arterial plaques may calcify over time, stiffening the vessel wall. The cartilage began to calcify in the later stages of the disease.
exhaustive	C1	kapsamlı / tüm ayrıntıları içeren	The systematic review was exhaustive, covering all studies published since 1990. The search strategy was not exhaustive and may have missed relevant literature.
converse	C1	tersi / karşıt	The converse relationship, that high expression leads to better outcomes, was not supported. If the drug is effective, the converse is not necessarily true: the absence of effect does not prove inactivity.
sterile	B2	steril / kısır	The culture medium must be sterile to prevent microbial contamination. The patient was sterile as a result of the chemotherapy treatment.
niche	C1	niş / uygun ortam	The species occupies a unique ecological niche not shared by any other. The researcher found a niche specializing in the application of machine learning to genomics.
algae	B2	alg	The algae grow rapidly in nutrient-rich water, causing harmful blooms. The symbiotic algae provide the coral with photosynthetic products.
eventual	B2	nihai / sonuçtaki	The eventual outcome of the disease depends on early diagnosis. The eventual goal of the project is to develop a point-of-care test.
bizarre	C1	tuhaf / garip	The bizarre result prompted the researchers to re-examine their assumptions. The subject exhibited bizarre behavior during the task, staring at the ceiling.

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